Issue 37 | Blue Pulse: Marine Conservation Bulletin

日期:

Lots of marine protecting problems brought forward in the COP 15 that just ended. In this issue, we focus on these problems. Meanwhile, in the interpretations section, we present the introduction of the Ross Sea large-scale marine protected aera which created by CCAMLR.

这种鳐鱼在澳洲鲨鱼与鳐鱼评估行动中被评估为脆弱等级 | Ian Shaw 摄

导语 Introduction

关键点一

生物多样性公约缔约方大会的第一阶段刚刚在昆明落幕。《昆明宣言》的发布,反应了国际社会在下一个十年加强行动的政治共识,为第二阶段谈判形成兼具雄心和执行力的《后2020全球生多框架》的谈判奠定了政治意愿的基础。本期观点版块收录了联合国海洋特使汤姆森在昆明大会上的发言,他指出生多保护需要坚持多边主义,也需要《生物多样性公约》之外的国际进程齐头并进。学术版块中正好收录了一篇文章讨论不同海洋保护机制之间的互动。活动回顾中也收录了创绿研究院的CBD-COP15系列观察文章。

Highlight 1

Part I of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity has just concluded in Kunming. The Kunming Declaration reflects the political consensus of the international community to strengthen conservation action in the next decade and lays the foundation for political will to negotiate an ambitious and implementable post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework in Part II of the conference. This issue's Perspectives section includes a statement by UN Special Envoy for the Oceans Thompson at the Kunming Conference, in which he argues that biodiversity conservation requires multilateralism and international processes beyond the Convention on Biological Diversity to work in tandem. There is a paper in the Academic section discussing the interplay between different ocean conservation regimes. In the Event section, you can read the observation articles of the COP15 by Greenovation Hub.

关键点二

在9月底举行的《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第十五次会议非政府组织平行论坛上发布的“生物多样性100+案例”中,负责任磷虾捕捞协会(ARK)申报的“南极半岛区域磷虾企业自主禁捕区”得以收录其中。如果把昆明生物多样性大会比做奥运会,10月11日开幕的南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)年会就是小众运动的世锦赛。在今年的CCAMLR会议将再次讨论南极半岛区域的保护区提案、威德尔海保护区提案和东南极海洋保护区提案。本期的解读板块中收录了一篇专门介绍CCAMLR通过的第一个超大规模海洋保护区罗斯海区域保护区的文章。

Highlight 2

 Among the "Biodiversity 100+ Cases" launched at the NGO Parallel Forum of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at the end of September, the "Antarctic Peninsula Region Krill Enterprise Autonomous No-take Zone" declared by the Association for Responsible Krill Fishing (ARK) was included in the list. Consider the Kunming Biodiversity Conference is the Olympic Games for biodiversity conservation, the annual meeting of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which opens on 11 October, could be seen as a World Championship of niche sports. The marine protected area (MPA) proposal for the Antarctic Peninsula region, the Weddell Sea MPA proposal, and the East Antarctica MPA proposal will be discussed again at this year's CCAMLR meeting. This issue's Interpretation section includes an article dedicated to the first very large MPA adopted by CCAMLR, the Ross Sea Region MPA.


时讯 News

提案中的东南极海洋保护区范围(浅绿) | KBS 制

1) 韩国政府决定进一步支持扩大南极海洋保护区网络。韩国海洋水产部是在9月29日举行的一个关于南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)海洋保护区(MPA)建设的部长级会议上做出的上述决定。东南极和威德尔海海洋保护区提案正在CCAMLR进行谈判,韩国是东亚唯一的共同提案国。

The Korean government has decided to further support the expansion of the Antarctic Marine Protected Area (MPA). The decision was made by the Korean Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries at a ministerial meeting related to the MPA in the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)  on 29 September. The East Antarctica and Weddell Sea MPA proposals are being negotiated in CCAMLR. Such action makes Korea the only co-proponent in East Asia.

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2)近期对澳大利亚鲨鱼、鳐鱼以及幽灵鲨的灭绝风险的首次完整评估显示:澳大利亚是地球超过四分之一的鲨鱼物种的家园,但其中12%的物种正在面临着灭绝风险。

The first complete assessment of extinction risk for all Australian sharks, rays, and ghost sharks reveals Australia is home to more than a quarter of shark species on the planet, but 12 percent of those are at risk of extinction.

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3) 世贸组织关于结束有害渔业补贴协定的谈判在9月1日重开,重点讨论了如何处理产能过剩和过度捕捞的相关议题。早些时候的几轮会谈未能在7月达成协议,谈判人员在10月初重新聚首,新一轮的谈判一直持续到7日。10月8日有代表匿名表示进展不佳。

World Trade Organization negotiations on an agreement to end harmful fishery subsidies have been underway again since 1st September, and have culminated in efforts to get consensus on text dealing with overcapacity and overfishing. Earlier rounds of talks failed to produce a deal in July, but negotiators reconvened at the beginning of the month for a phase of meetings running to 7 October focused on finalizing article 5.1.1 of the accord, which provides an exemption from subsidy disciplines for sustainably managed fishing subsidies, and article 5.5, which offers options for exemptions and transition periods for developing and least-developed countries.

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4)国际自然保护联盟大会在9月8日以压倒性的优势通过了暂缓深海采矿的决议。然而就在同一天,欧洲委员会出版了它的2021战略远景报告,宣布设立深海探矿计划。

On 8 September, the Congress of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) voted overwhelmingly in favor of a moratorium on deep-sea mining. That same day, the European Commission published its 2021 Strategic Foresight Report, announcing plans to step up deep-sea mining exploration.

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观点 Perspectives

一支美国地理科考队走过冰封的北冰洋的场景,冰面薄厚不均
U.S. Geological Survey, CC0 1.0. | 制

1) Cristina Mittermeier,SeaLegacy的共同创始人:建设南极海洋保护区需要的是公众支持,在地球上,已经有一大部分公众会愿意采取行动去加速保护南极的决议落实。

 Cristina Mittermeier, co-founder of SeaLegacy: What we need is public support. A massive group of individuals all around the planet are willing to take action. To expedite, to accelerate the decision on protecting Antarctica.

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2) Mark Serreze,美国国家冰雪数据中心的执行主任:今年北极冰盖的健康情况还是很差。北阿拉斯加的波弗特海与楚科奇海的海冰非常分散,拉普捷夫海的海面面也是很早就没有冰了,其海冰覆盖量达到了卫星记录的最低点。

Mark Serreze, executive director of the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC): “We’re looking at a reprieve this year, but the health of the ice cover is not good. It’s very diffuse ice in areas north of Alaska’s Beaufort Sea and in the Chukchi Sea this year." "The Laptev Sea is just wide open and it happened very early,” The Laptev reached an all-time low in the satellite record."

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3) 皮尤慈善信托基金会:非法、无报告以及无管制的渔业阻碍了珍贵海洋鱼类的可持续性捕捞,导致了每年数十亿美元的损失。最终获益者(UBO)是所有权的最终端。当局和其他追踪非法渔业的人对UBO的追踪经常是很困难的。在很多案件里,罚款或者刑罚都落到了船员,船长和船只的合法拥有者而不是那些最终受益人身上。通过更好地追踪UBO,渔业管理者和执法官员可以揭开臭名昭著的不透明渔业的遮盖,减少船只所有权模糊的非法活动的可能性。

Pew Charitable Trust: Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing hinders sustainability of the ocean’s valuable fish, costing billions of dollars in economic losses each year.  The ultimate beneficial owner (UBO) is the eventual end of the ownership chain. Authorities and others who track fishing often have a very hard time determining who the UBO is. In many cases, fines or penalties fall onto the crew, captain and legal owner of a vessel, rather than the ultimate profiteer. Through better tracking of UBO, fisheries managers and enforcement officials can peel back the curtain on the notoriously opaque fishing industry and reduce the likelihood of illicit activity associated with obscured vessel ownership.

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4)彼得汤姆森在CBD-COP15高级别会议上:我们坚定地致力于在《联合国气候变化框架公约》的谈判中加强关于“海洋与气候关系”的思维和文案。这些工作呼吁大力减少温室气体排放,以保护人类、海洋和地球,包括在海洋和沿海地区采取行动。我们呼吁气候资金和相关投资果断地朝着可持续海洋经济的方向发展。

Peter Thomson in CBD-COP15:At the same time, we have been adamantly engaged in getting stronger Ocean-Climate nexus thinking and text into the UNFCCC’s deliberations. This engagement is calling for ambitious GHG emissions reductions to protect people, Ocean and planet, including actions taken in the Ocean and coastal zones. We are calling for the climate finance needle and associated investment to be moved decisively in the direction of the sustainable Ocean economy.

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解读 Interpretations

图片
南极罗斯海的小须鲸  | John B Weller 摄

1) Brooks等:南极洲罗斯海:国际水域高度保护的MPA

Brooks et al:The Ross Sea, Antarctica: A highly protected MPA in international waters

作为第一个公海上的大规模(>150000 km2)海洋保护区(MPA),罗斯海区域MPA为国家管辖范围以外的其他海洋保护区树立了先例。在数量众多的MPA指南和排名中(包括新发布的“MPA指南”),对罗斯海地区MPA的分类和评估也开创了对公海未来保护区进行分类和评估的先例。本研究明确了罗斯海地区MPA的管理,并就保护水平评估了其一般保护区(占MPA的约80%)的状况。我们概述了罗斯海区域MPA一般保护区内的一般限制和基于科学的管理,并支持其高度保护的地位。我们进一步得出结论,如果罗斯海区MPA(特别是其一般保护区)规定的MPA不能达到“高度保护”MPA的阈值,则其他公海MPA可能也难以归类为此类MPA。

As the first large-scale (>150,000 km2) marine protected area (MPA) on the high seas, the Ross Sea region MPA sets a precedent for other MPAs in areas beyond national jurisdiction. In the myriad of MPA guides and rankings (including the new “MPA Guide”), categorization and evaluation of the Ross Sea region MPA also sets precedent for categorizing and evaluating future protected areas on the high seas. Here, we provide clarity on the governance of the Ross Sea region MPA, and evaluate the status of its General Protection Zone (comprising ~80% of the MPA) with respect to level of protection. We outline the extensive restrictions and science-based management in place within the Ross Sea region MPA General Protection Zone and support its status as highly protected. We further conclude that if an MPA as regulated as the Ross Sea region MPA, especially its General Protection Zone, cannot meet the threshold of a “highly protected” MPA, it may prove difficult for other high seas MPA to be categorized as such.

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2)SciTechDaily: 南极洲磷虾的成果繁殖收到气候条件的严重影响

SciTechDaily: Reproductive Success of Antarctic Krill Significantly Affected by Climate Conditions

俄勒冈州立大学的一项新研究发现,气候条件对成熟雌性南极磷虾的繁殖成功起着重要作用,这也是每五到七年发生一次的磷虾种群波动的因素之一。环境因素(包括影响食物供应的大规模气候模式)在产卵季节会影响雌性磷虾的整体健康。虽然这些气候模式是自然的,但由于气候变化,它们正在变得更温暖、更强烈,这可能对磷虾种群产生负面影响。

Climate conditions play a significant role in the reproductive success of mature female Antarctic krill and are a factor in fluctuations of the population that occur every five to seven years, a new study from Oregon State University has found.

Environmental factors, including large-scale climate patterns that affect the availability of food, influence the females’ overall health during the spawning season. While those climate patterns are natural, they are trending warmer and more intense due to climate change, which is likely to have a negative impact on the krill population.

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3)中外对话:南极的海洋会得到更多保护吗?

China Dialogue: Will Antarctic waters receive new protections?

一些观察员和海洋专家希望CCAMR的年会能够在关于生物多样性的COP15会议和即将举行的关于气候变化的COP26会议所创造的势头上更进一步。尽管如此,他们也承认国家之间的分歧可能使所有成员之间难以达成共识。

Observers and marine experts are hopeful that the annual meeting of CCAMR will build on the momentum created by the COP15 meeting on biodiversity and the upcoming COP26 meeting on climate change. Still, they acknowledge that differences between countries could make it difficult to reach a consensus between all members.

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4)Mongabay: 海龟:这些伟大的海洋移民能应对日益严重的人类威胁吗?

Mongabay: Sea turtles: Can these great marine migrators navigate rising human threats?

人类正在迅速越过海龟种群、其生态系统,以及人类生存的“安全操作空间”的关键地球边界。海龟已经存活了数百万年,但因为人类活动对陆地和海洋的不利影响,包括生物多样性丧失、气候变化、海洋酸化、土地利用变化、污染(特别是塑料),马拉松式的迁徙的它们面临着越来越大的生存风险。人类威胁的协同效应和保护干预措施的回报在很大程度上是未知的。但分析人士认为,人们的努力需要集中在筑巢海滩和海洋迁徙路线上,同时逆转越过九个已知地球界限的许多不利影响。避免物种灭绝需要海龟和人类共同适应,以及创新性的保护实践发展。目前的关键战略是提高种群数量以抵御日益增长的威胁,重新思考人类如何捕鱼,研究海龟的生命周期(特别是在海上),保护栖息地,并鼓励当地社区的参与。

Humanity is quickly crossing critical planetary boundaries that threaten sea turtle populations, their ecosystems and, ultimately, the “safe operating space” for human existence.

Sea turtles have survived millions of years, but marathon migrations put them at increasing risk for the additive impacts of adverse anthropogenic activity on land and at sea, including impacts from biodiversity loss, climate change, ocean acidification, land-use change, pollution (especially plastics), and more.

The synergistic effects of anthropogenic threats and the return on conservation interventions are largely unknown. But analysts understand that their efforts will need to focus on both nesting beaches and ocean migration routes, while acting on a host of adverse impacts across many of the nine known planetary boundaries.

Avoiding extinction will require adaptation by turtles and people, and the evolution of new, innovative conservation practices. Key strategies: boosting populations to weather growing threats, rethinking how humanity fishes, studying turtle life cycles (especially at sea), safeguarding habitat, and deeply engaging local communities.

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5) Abdulmalik Oladipupo 和 Andrew Leingang:"生态技术"能否成为非洲RAS经济上可行的替代品?

Abdulmalik Oladipupo and Andrew Leingang: Can “ecotechnologies” be economically viable alternatives to RAS in Africa?

在非洲,商业化水产养殖相对而言是新生事物,且发展缓慢。然而,水产品是许多社区的重要组成部分。养鱼是当地家庭生计的主要推动力。很少有农民自发从传统的池塘鱼类养殖手段,转变为世界上流行的,更密集的可持续的水产养殖方式。循环水产养殖系统(RAS)技术利用过滤技术对水进行再利用和处理,可以解决这一问题。

In Africa commercial aquaculture is relatively new and under-developed. However, fish production is an essential part of many communities. Fish farming is a major driver of local livelihoods and household sustenance.

Few farmers have shifted from the traditional methods of pond fish culture to follow the worldwide move towards more intensive fish production and sustainable practices. Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) technology reuses and processes water using filtration technologies.

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学术 Academics

【海洋治理】国家管辖范围以外地区的生物多样性(BBNJ):南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)和联合国BBNJ协定

南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)自1980年根据《南极海洋生物资源养护公约》(CAMLR公约)成立以来,一直致力于南极地区的生物多样性管理。根据《联合国海洋法公约》制定中的《国家管辖范围以外地区海洋生物多样性的保护和可持续利用协定》(BBNJ协定)草案,突出体现了南极海洋生物资源保护委员会开创的国家管辖范围以外地区以保护为导向的、基于生态系统的管理的重要性。本文探讨了南极海洋生物资源保护委员会和《BBNJ协议》之间的潜在相互作用,指出,虽然《BBNJ协议》承诺不 "损坏相关法律文书和框架以及相关的全球、区域、次区域和行业机制",但它可能会让对南极海洋生物资源养护委员会表现评估变得更严格。

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【海洋生态】威德尔海豹在南极洲的首次全面数量估计

[ocean ecosystem] Insights from the first global population estimate of Weddell seals in Antarctica

得益于数十年在其分布地区最南端的种群统计学研究,威德尔海豹是世界上研究最多的海洋哺乳动物之一。然而,尽管它们只在南极海岸线周围的活动,我们对其分布、数量规模以及结构在大尺度上的模式知之甚少。我们将从2011年开始收集的高分辨率的卫星图像,群体溯源以及栖息地建模结合起来,得出第一个根据种群和影响其分布的环境因子的统计出的全球数量估算。我们估计大约有20200只将近成年和成年雌性海豹,其空间的分布是根据海洋深度与固定在海岸线上的坚冰变化来解释的。企鹅群落的距离与海豹的存在也有关联,但只有帝企鹅种群大小与之有很强的负相关。与先前的评估相比,此次评估显示的种群数目规模较小。海豹与营养竞争对手的关系表明,在监测南大洋生态系统的努力中,需要采用群落生态学方法。

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【划区管理】保护区的重新野化增长了海洋生态系统对极端气候事件的复原力

海洋保护区(MPA)是用于控制人类对海洋影响的工具,特别是缓解捕鱼压力。通过排除最具破坏性的活动,MPA可以使退化的海底生境区域重新焕发生机。然而,MPA恢复的生态系统对风暴的恢复潜力却不为人所知,也不知道风暴如何影响海底生境。

在英国西南部莱姆湾MPA开展的研究了极端风暴干扰的影响,2008年在整个地点排除了底拖捕鱼,使退化的温带珊瑚礁组合恢复到一个更复杂的群落。2013-2014年的严重风暴导致了对海底的重大破坏,因此MPA中的生物群落与允许捕鱼的区域相比变得没有差异;因为该群落不是由抗物理干扰的物种主导。然而,自2014年以来的年度调查表明,MPA群落的初步恢复比2008年停止长期拖网捕鱼影响后的恢复要快得多。

同样,一般加性混合效应模型(GAMMs)分析显示,在MPA内,风暴后多样性指标的增加比底部拖网捕鱼后的增加更大,并且随着时间的推移更加稳定。由于极端事件可能随着气候变化变得更加普遍,波浪暴露的观察表明,英国周围29%的沿海珊瑚礁MPA可能暴露在可观的极端气候波浪中,并可能受到类似的影响。因此,本文提供了海底生态系统对未来极端干扰事件的生态反应的可能范围和程度的深入了解。

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【划区管理】减少捕鱼活动在大西洋中的大范围海洋保护区的努力

大规模海洋保护区(MPA)的实施取决于稀缺的保护资源,而其对生物多样性保护的影响至今很少被评估。定量评估对于评估大规模MPA在增强生态系统的复原力、保护生物多样性,和减轻扩大的威胁方面的有效性是必要的。这项研究评估了一些大型MPA的有效性,这些MPA位于西南大西洋(巴西)的偏远离岸区域,远程实现管理。本研究分析了在保护区实施之前后其边界内发生的捕捞活动。围绕圣佩德罗和圣保罗群岛(SPSP)和特林达德-马丁-瓦斯群岛(TMV)的两组MPA于2018年初建立,每组包括一个禁捕区(即完全保护)和一个多用途(即部分保护)区。在这次评估中,本研究使用了船舶监测系统传输的卫星检测来量化跨越5年(2015-2019年)的商业渔业的捕捞压力(即 "可能的捕捞日")。并得出三个指标--捕鱼面积、强度和密度--来比较每个MPA和年份内的捕鱼活动。结果显示,多用途MPA的有效性是不同且对比明显的,SPSP经历了捕捞强度和面积的减少,而TMV经历了这两个指标的增加。禁捕MPA有一个明显的倒置模式:SPSP地区的MPA在建立后经历了捕捞密度的增加,而TMV地区的禁捕MPA在比较MPA实施前后几年时观察到捕捞密度的下降。这些结果可以支持管理者规划实施进一步的保护战略,如监测和执法计划,这里的分析也有助于提高我们对在离岸环境中设立大规模MPA作为海洋保护战略的影响和挑战的认识。

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【气候海洋】复合气候风险威胁着水产品粮食体系的利益

对于全世界的数十亿人来说,水产品是保障营养、健康、生计、经济以及文化的重要组成部分,但是气候相关的危机或许会危害水产提供这些服务的能力。在此,本研究使用综合食品系统方法估计国家层面的水产品系统的气候风险,该方法将影响海洋和淡水捕捞渔业和水产养殖的气候危害与它们对可持续食品系统结果的贡献联系起来。本研究表明,气候灾害对全人类营养、社会、经济和环境结果讲构成高风险--特别是对非洲、南亚和东南亚以及小岛屿发展中国家的野生捕捞渔业。对于预计将经历复合气候风险的国家,减少社会脆弱性可以降低气候风险,其幅度与实现《巴黎协定》的减排目标相似。需要针对有效治理、性别平等和贫困等方面的系统级干预措施,以提高水生和陆生粮食体系的复原力,并为实现可持续发展目标提供具有巨大共同利益的投资。

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【技术工具】通过未来场景产生海洋同理心

对自然的同理心被认为是与生物圈进行可持续互动的先决条件。然而,到目前为止,关于如何激发共鸣的实证研究仍然很少。在这里,我们调查了未来情景是否可以促进对海洋的更大的同理心。使用一个前-后同理心问卷,参与者(N=269)被呈现在虚拟现实(VR)或书面形式的公海的乐观或悲观的未来情景中。结果显示,干预后的同理心水平明显高于测试前的水平,表明未来情景促进了海洋同理心。我们还发现,与乐观的情景相比,悲观的情景导致更大的同理心水平。最后,我们发现VR和书面资料的效果之间没有明显的差异,并发现在干预的3个月后,同理心的分数明显下降。作为首批实证证明有目的的干预对建立海洋共鸣的影响的研究之一,本文对推进未来情景的研究做出了重要贡献,并为支持海洋的可持续性提供了一种新的方法。

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其他资料 Other Resources

1)【报告】绿色和平报告:高风险:印度洋公海破坏性捕鱼的环境和社会影响

The report from Greenpeace: HIGH STAKES: The environmental and

social impacts of destructive fishing on the high seas of the Indian Ocean

报告/Report


2)【多媒体】独立电影《The Long Coast》通过讲述缅因州渔夫的故事,讲述了海洋所面对的挑战。

Indie Film: ‘The Long Coast’ Lets the Stories of Maine Fishermen Convey the Challenges Facing the Ocean

视频/Video


3)【特写】德国赫尔戈兰岛59年以来观察海洋的故事

From this tiny island, they've watched the sea for 60 years. Here's what they've learned.

报告/Report


活动 Events

>>预告 Upcoming Events

1)2021年10月26日 线上研讨会 作为气候解决方案一部分的海洋保护区:蓝碳的角色
2021.10.26 Webinar MPAs as part of the climate solution: The role of blue carbon
详情/Detail


2)2021年12月13日-17日 自然资源管理需要适应一个逐渐改变的墨西哥湾
2021.12.13-17 Natural Resource Management needs for a changing Gulf of Mexico
详情/Detail

>>回顾 Recordings

1)  2021年10月13日 创绿研究院CBD-COP15观察
2021.10.13 Greenovation Hub: Observation of the CBD-COP15
详情/Detail


2)2021年9月23日 照亮深渊:海洋暮色带的灵感、探索和发现
2021.9.23 Illuminating the Abyss: Inspiration, Exploration, and Discovery in the Ocean Twilight Zone
详情/Detail


3)2021年7月7日 网络研讨会 如何使用多样的激励 去促进有效和平等的海洋保护区管理:新的案例研究和实践指导
2021.7.7  Webinar How to use diverse incentives to promote effective and equitable MPA governance: New case studies and practical guidance
详情/Detail

>>其他 Others

本快讯两周更新一期,往期内容可以查看这里。如果您在快讯内容或形式上有任何意见或建议,欢迎发邮件至ocean@ghub.org告诉我们,也欢迎您将《蓝色脉搏》推荐给同事和朋友

感谢实习同事张辰熙、徐家贤对本期快讯的贡献。