Issue 36 | Blue Pulse: Marine Conservation Bulletin

日期:

How to accurately define marine protected areas is a controversial issue in marine conservation and management. Issue 36 focuses on marine protected areas, the academic panel introduces a classification method to evaluate protected areas in terms of the level of implementation based on objective facts, which provides new insight for scientific marine conservation.

导语 Introduction

关键点一

2009年以来,“气候周”已经成为一年一度的联合国大会的“标配”。本期蓝色脉搏也继续关注气候变化与海洋。2018年国际海事组织(IMO)制定了温室气体的战略,计划在2050年将航运排放减半,2030年排放强度降低40%。但是因为缺乏革命性的技术,航运和航空界的减排行动相对而言是比较慢的。本期“时讯”中收国际航运商会和国际干散货船东协会在IMO的碳税提案,值得关心蓝色经济的读者关注。观点部分有一篇文章讨论了珊瑚适应海水变暖的极限。“学术”板块中关于后2020生物多样性保护的一篇文章也提到需要讲碳中和纳入生物多样性保护的规划。

Highlight 1

Since 2009, Climate Week has been a standard feature of the annual UN General Assembly. In 2018, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) set out a strategy to halve shipping emissions by 2050 and to reduce emissions intensity by 40% by 2030. But the shipping and aviation sectors have been relatively slow in reducing emissions due to a lack of revolutionary technologies. In this issue of the Newsletter, the IMO carbon levy proposal by the International Chamber of Shipping and the Intercargo is of interest to readers interested in the blue economy. An article in the Perspective section discusses the limits of coral's adaptation to seawater warming. An article in the "Academic" section on post-2020 biodiversity conservation also mentions the need to include carbon neutrality in biodiversity conservation planning.

关键点二

到底什么是海洋保护区,是一个看似简单,但是需要花精力理解的问题。本期学术部分收录的海洋保护区指南一文,从保护力度和落实程度两个维度为公众和决策者理解海洋保护区提供了一个框架。IUCN 的分类法的主要依据是保护目标、保护价值和保护程度的对应关系,但是保护目标、保护价值有一些主观的因素在里面,这篇新的海洋保护区指南可以完全基于事实客观地对海洋保护区进行分类,更有助于对保护区的质量和进展进行评估。

Highlight 2

What exactly constitutes a marine protected area is a seemingly simple question, but one that could require a great deal of effort to understand. The IUCN classification is based primarily on the correspondence between conservation objectives, conservation values, and levels of protection, but whereas conservation objectives and values are somewhat subjective, this new paper on guide to marine protected areas provides a framework for the public and policymakers to understand marine protected areas based entirely on facts and is more useful for assessing the quality and progress of protected areas.


时讯 News

印度尼西亚海岸警卫队官员观察在该国水域查获的一艘外国渔船 | 印尼海事与渔业部 摄

1) 国际航运商会(ICS)和国际干散货船东协会(Intercargo)首次联合提议,针对进行国际贸易并总吨位超过5,000吨的船舶排放的二氧化碳进行强制征税。根据该建议,征税将缩小零碳燃料和传统燃料之间的价格差距,并为港口绿色燃料相关基础设施提供资金,以便氢气和氨气等清洁燃料使用。

For the first time, the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) and Intercargo jointly proposed a levy based on mandatory contributions by ships trading globally, exceeding 5,000 gross tonnages, for each ton of CO2 emitted. The levy would reduce the price gap between zero-carbon fuels and conventional fuels and fund the bunkering infrastructure in ports to supply cleaner fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia, according to the proposal.

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2) 印度尼西亚渔业部承诺将加大对渔业相关犯罪的最终受益者的打击力度,作为打击非法、未报告和无管制(IUU)捕鱼重要的一步。政府将授权渔业部官员担任调查员,跟踪渔业和海洋产业犯罪分子的资产线索,寻找洗钱的迹象。

Indonesia's fisheries ministry has pledged to target the ultimate beneficiaries of fisheries-related crimes in the country as an important step to crack down IUU fishing. It would empower ministry officials to act as investigators, and follow the trail of assets of the criminals in the fisheries and marine sector for signs of money laundering.

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3) 美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)宣布修订《大西洋大型鲸鱼捕捞减少计划》,以解决北大西洋露脊鲸被渔具缠绕导致严重受伤和死亡的问题,这也是露脊鲸伤亡的两个主要原因之一。北大西洋露脊鲸是濒危的大型鲸鱼物种,仅剩不到400只。这次修订进一步限制了用于捕捞东北龙虾和乔纳蟹的商业渔具,以帮助保护和恢复露脊鲸的社区。

NOAA announced modifications to the Atlantic Large Whale Take Reduction Plan to address entanglements in fishing gear, one of two leading causes of North Atlantic right whale serious injury and death. The North Atlantic right whale is endangered large whale species, with less than 400 individuals remaining. The modification further restricts the commercial fishing gear to trap Northeast lobster and Jonah crab to help conserving and rebuilding the right whale community.

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4) 美国众议院的自然资源委员会通过了一项提高用于遏制气候变化行动预算的协调案。该法案的内容包括恢复对阿拉斯加北极国家野生动物保护区和外大陆架的保护,将禁止该地区的石油和天然气钻探。

The House Natural Resources Committee passed a reconciliation bill aimed at curbing climate change with wider budget. The bill includes restoring protection for Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and the Outer Continental Shelf from future oil and gas drilling. 

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观点 Perspectives

一只鹗将塑料垃圾带进巢 | John Haedo 摄

1) Jonathan Ayers 与 Frederic Launay: 在疫情和全球封锁的影响下,许多野生动物保护区和保护组织陷入了资金困难,并苦于解决盗猎行为不断增加的问题。生态旅游不是为保护项目永久性提供资金的灵丹妙药。动物保护组织和群体需要探索更多元、创新的筹资机会,并实现其保护项目的独立性和连续性。

Jonathan Ayers and Frederic Launay: With the COVID-19 lockdowns, protected areas and conservation initiatives experienced financial difficulty and increase in illegal activities. Ecotourism is not the silver bullet forever supporting conservation programs. Conservation communities need to explore diversified and innovative funding opportunities and achieve independence and continuity for conservation programs.

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2) 伍兹霍尔海洋研究所:随着海洋温度的上升,一些珊瑚群落正在变得更加耐高温,为气候变化影响下的珊瑚带来了希望。即便如此,扭转气候变化仍然至关重要。随着(水下)热浪变得更加频繁或强烈,即使是耐高温的珊瑚群落也会死亡。

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Some coral communities are becoming more heat tolerant as ocean temperatures rise, offering hope for corals in a changing climate. But reversing climate change remains critical. As heatwaves become more frequent or intense, even heat-tolerant communities could die out.

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3) 联合国《保护迁徙野生动物物种公约》执行秘书 Amy Fraenkel: 塑料污染不仅威胁着海洋动物,还威胁着陆地和淡水洄游物种。哺乳动物、鸟类和鱼类会以多种方式受到塑料污染的影响,包括被(渔具等)缠绕、直接摄入塑料、在食物链中积累微塑料,以及使用塑料作为筑巢材料。然而,全球治理塑料污染的能力并没有跟上塑料市场的预期增长。要想彻底解决这个问题,我们需要先于解决和预防市场上游的塑料污染。

CMS executive secretary Amy Fraenkel: Plastic Pollution is threatening not only the marine animals, but also the land and freshwater migratory species. Mammals, birds, and fish are affected through various means, including entanglement, ingestion of plastics, accumulation of microplastics in the food chain, and using plastics in nesting material. However, the global capacity to manage plastic pollution is not keeping pace with projected growth in the plastics market. To completely solve the problem, we need to focus on solution and prevention of plastic pollution upstream.

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4) 阿拉斯加渔业科学中心:“我们需要强调将栖息地在鱼群生产力中的作用考虑在内是十分重要的。生境科学需要超越仅仅描述栖息地的具体分布、鱼类密度、统计数量和底栖生物群落的恢复情况。现在的种群评估科学主要关注渔获量,这影响到剩下可以繁殖的鱼的数量和未来出生的幼鱼数量(种群生产力)。种群评估科学的范围需要扩大,将栖息地的作用和栖息地变化对鱼类生产力的影响纳入考虑。”

Alaska Fisheries Science Center: "We need to stress the importance to factoring in the role of habitat in fish stock productivity. Habitat science needs to move beyond just describing habitat-specific distribution, fish density, demography, and benthic community recovery. Stock assessment science primarily focuses on catch removals, and this affects the number of fish that are left to reproduce and the number of young fish that are born in the future (stock productivity). The scope of stock assessment science needs to broaden to also consider the role of habitat and how changes in habitat may affect fish productivity."

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解读 Interpretations

救援人员抛出一种被称为“切割抓斗”的定制工具,试图清除从鲸鱼嘴里拖出的一大片渔绳 | 佛罗里达州鱼类和野生动物保护委员会 摄

1) John C. Cannon: 无绳索 "渔具能否及时适应渔业需求,以拯救濒危鲸鱼?

John C. Cannon: Will 'ropeless' fishing gear be seaworthy in time to save endangered whales?

船舶撞击和渔具缠绕是导致北大西洋露脊鲸死亡的两个主要原因。渔具公司和非政府组织尝试着开发 "无绳 "渔具,尽量减少可能会在水中缠绕露脊鲸的垂直鱼线的数量,作为解决渔具缠绕问题的一个潜在办法。但是,渔民、渔业集团、甚至是无绳渔具的支持者都表示,无绳渔具还无法在任何情况下替代传统渔具。

Ship strikes and entanglement in fishing gear are two major causes of North Atlantic right whales’ mortality. Gear companies and NGO try to develop “ropeless” fishing gear that minimizes the number of vertical lines in the water that ensnare right whales as a potential solution to the entanglement crisis. But fishers, industry groups and even ardent proponents of ropeless systems say that it’s not yet a viable replacement for traditional fishing gear in every situation.

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2) Sevenseasmedia: 以色列史无前例的深海鲨鱼发现揭示了世界对气候变化的理解

Sevenseasmedia: Unprecedented Deep-Sea Shark Discovery in Israel Sheds Light on World’s Understanding of Climate Change

"最近在以色列沿海的一次科考发现了深海盐水池和其他栖息地热点地区,包括数百条深水鲨鱼和迄今为止发现的最大的深海鲨鱼卵集中地。作为地球上对气候变化最敏感的地区之一,东地中海可以被视为全球海洋环境的预警系统。调查隐藏在这个热点地区的地质和环境记录将提供对深海变化的影响的清晰的记录,这对了解当地和全球的气候变化至关重要"。

"A recent expedition off Israel’s coast found deep-sea brine pools and related habitat hotspots, including hundreds of deep-water sharks and the largest concentration of deep-sea shark eggs ever found. As one of the planet’s most sensitive areas when it comes to climate change, the Eastern Mediterranean Sea can be regarded as an early-warning system for global marine environments. Investigating the geological and environmental records concealed in this hotspot will provide a high-resolution record of the impact of changes on the deep sea, which is essential for understanding local and global climatic changes.”

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3) Ecomagazine: 了解露脊鲸的正确工具

Ecomagazine: The Right Tools for Right Whales

为了更好地保护濒危动物北大西洋露脊鲸,在评估鲸鱼群的健康状况的同时,我们还需要评估鲸鱼个体的健康状况。有些科学家提议使用无人机安装的热成像设备来记录鲸鱼的体温。这种方法使科学家能够更接近鲸鱼,并以更高的分辨率收集比船只或飞机更多的数据。

To better protect North Atlantic right whale, one of the most endangered marine mammals in the world, we need to evaluate health condition of individual whales while assessing population-level health. Some scientists propose to use drone-mounted thermal imaging devices to record the body temperature of whales. This method allows scientist to get closer to the whales and collect much more data than from a vessel or plane at a much higher resolution.

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4) 皮尤慈善信托基金会:从拉丁美洲的视角看保护公海新条约

Pew Charitable Trust: A New Treaty to Protect the High Seas: A Latin American Perspective

对于拥有4000英里海岸线的智利来说,海洋影响着这个国家的方方面面。智利将自己定位为海洋保护方面的区域乃至于全球领导者,希望能够推动签订一个真正有约束力的公海生物多样性条约,使各国能够负起责任实施条约内容,并实现海洋保护和可持续利用之间的真正平衡。

For Chile, a country with a 4,000-mile coastline, the ocean affects almost every aspect of life. Chile has positioned itself as a regional and global leader in ocean protection. Chile is looking forward an effective treaty that countries can be held responsible for its implementation and indicate a real balance between conservation and sustainable use of the ocean. 

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学术 Academics

1)【海洋生态】综述:2020年后变化环境中的生物多样性保护

【Ocean Ecosystem】Biodiversity conservation in a changing environment beyond 2020

2020年后的生物多样性保护面临着许多挑战和冲突。研究人员指出,现在有多种因素同时影响着生物多样性。对流层臭氧浓度的升高和食物系统也是对生物多样性的主要影响因素。尽管保护区在全球范围内不断扩大,但目前的保护区网络并没有成功地缓解生物多样性和生态系统服务能力的持续下降。我们需要将碳中和纳入生物多样性保护规划,以实现共同利益的最大化。

阅读/Read


2)【海洋治理】海洋保护区指南:实现全球海洋目标的框架

【Ocean Governance】The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean

"海洋保护区(MPA)是旨在保护海洋生态系统的养护工具。尽管海洋保护区整体上非常有效,但缺乏统一的定义和标准阻碍了保护工作,让我们很难量化真正受到保护的海洋的比例。我们提出了一个明确这种不一致性的科学框架,这个框架会评估保护措施的实施程度,从而进一步提高保护水平。这篇MPA指南可以改善现有和未来MPA的有效设计、实施、评估和跟踪,通过使用有科学依据的做法实现保护目标"。

阅读/Read


3)【海洋生态】共生功能体概念下的珊瑚和海绵:微生物群落如何加强我们对海洋生态系统的理解 

【Ocean Ecosystem】Corals and Sponges Under the Light of the Holobiont Concept: How Microbiomes Underpin Our Understanding of Marine Ecosystems

共生功能体是一个从整体角度理解海洋生物的新概念。共生功能体指真核生物宿主和与其相关的微生物(包括细菌、古细菌、原生动物、微藻、真菌和病毒)形成的联合体。共生功能体将生物体和相关的微生物群落视为一个整体,从综合的角度来理解海洋生物。

阅读/Read


4)【海洋生态】加勒比海珊瑚礁急性脱氧给生态系统带来的影响

【Ocean Ecosystem】Rapid ecosystem-scale consequences of acute deoxygenation on a Caribbean coral reef

在气候变化和海水富营养化的影响下,海洋中的氧正在加速流失,然而我们对急性脱氧事件对热带海洋生态系统带来的影响还知之甚少。我们研究了位于加勒比海珊瑚礁的一次急性脱氧事件,发现脱氧事件造成了50%的活珊瑚损失和底栖生物群落的变化,这种影响在一年后仍然存在。因此,有必要将脱氧作为一种新的影响因素纳入研究和管理,以应对海水氧流失带来的威胁。

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5)【海洋治理】珊瑚礁保护脱钩:市场干预能否使珊瑚礁渔业更加可持续?

【Ocean Governance】Reef Conservation off the Hook: Can Market Interventions Make Coral Reef Fisheries More Sustainable? 

珊瑚礁渔业的过度开发威胁着珊瑚礁生态系统的可持续发展,和上百万人的生计和食品安全。目前基于市场来提高渔业可持续性的举措已经在商品渔业中广泛实施,但还没有在珊瑚礁渔业中得到过系统的检验。对于高度不可持续且高价值、以出口为导向的珊瑚礁渔业(活的珊瑚礁食用鱼和干海参),贸易限制等传统监管是最有效的。对于高价值、以出口为导向,但繁殖力高(龙虾和软体动物)的渔业,认证和评级工作、渔业改进项目和可持续采购承诺则可以改善捕鱼方法,增加渔民的市场准入和收入。对于区域消费的低价值渔业,当地买家的可持续采购承诺,以及当地的认证和评级计划有希望改变对可持续性的态度。

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6)【渔业管理】生殖超标与世界渔业的管理

Fishery Management】Reproductive hyperallometry and managing the world's fisheries

海洋渔业是全球粮食安全重要的一部分,但许多地区的渔业捕捞量已经接近其极限,或过度捕捞。我们的研究表明,目前主流的渔业管理模型高估了世界上32个最大的渔业种群的补充潜力,数值约为22%,存在系统性过度捕捞的风险。在一些情况下,采用保护大型、高繁殖力鱼类的管理策略,会带来更高的未来产量。我们建议今后对参考点和配额的评估应包括繁殖力超标的情况,除非有明确的证据表明该物种不存在这种情况。

阅读/Read


其他资料 Other Resources

1)【海岸管理】45年后在千里之外发现的漂流卡
【Coastal Management】Long Ago and Far Away: Drift Cards Found 45 Years Later and Thousands of Miles Away
博客/Blog


2)【生态保护】什么是有效的保护措施?
【Ecological Protection】Examining ‘What Works In Conservation’
播客/Podcast


3)【海洋生态】世界上第一张完整的浅水热带珊瑚礁地图
【Ocean Ecosystem】The first complete map of the world’s shallow tropical coral reefs is here
工具/Tool


4)【极地生态】关于帝企鹅的奇妙事实
【Polar Ecosystem】Fascinating facts about emperor penguins
文章/Article


5)【气候海洋】为什么帝企鹅是衡量气候变化的指标之一?
【Climate & Ocean】Why are emperor penguins an indicator of climate change?
视频/Video


活动 Events

>>预告 Upcoming Events

1)2021年9月29日 网络研讨会 塑料与气候:一次性包装是在加剧气候危机
2021.9.29 Webinar: Plastics & Climate: How Single-Use Packaging is Fueling the Crisis
详情/Detail


2)2021年10月21日 网络研讨会 扭转学术“跳伞”的潮流
2021.10.21 Webinar: Turning the tide of parachute science
详情/Detail


>>回顾 Recordings

1)2021年9月22日 网络研讨会 打捞解决方案:船只处置和回收
2021.9.22 Salvaging Solutions: Vessel Disposal and Recycling
详情/Detail


2)2021年9月1日-2日 关于海洋垃圾和塑料污染问题部长会议
2021.9.1-2 Ministerial Conference on Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution
详情/Detail


3)2021年9月21日 网络研讨会 人工智能将如何颠覆海产品加工
2021.9.21 Artificial Intelligence: How AI is going to disrupt seafood processing
详情/Detail


>>其他 Others

本快讯两周更新一期,往期内容可以查看这里。如果您在快讯内容或形式上有任何意见或建议,欢迎发邮件至ocean@ghub.org告诉我们,也欢迎您将《蓝色脉搏》推荐给同事和朋友

感谢实习同事张辰熙对本期快讯的贡献


题图:印度尼西亚海岸警卫队官员观察在该国水域查获的一艘外国渔船。印尼海事与渔业部 | 制