Issue 40 | Blue Pulse: Marine Conservation Bulletin

日期:

Coastal wetlands are the main point of this issue. In the Perspectives section, the degradation of wetlands in the United States is used as an example, and the importance of wetlands for ecology and economy and the current urgency of wetland conservation are discussed in depth. In the Interpretations section, an article describes the ecological damage and status of an invasive species, Spartina alterniflora, that destroys salt marshes, and tells of the great efforts made in our country to combat this invasive species.

导语 Introduction

关键点

本期蓝色脉搏将目光投向滨海湿地。苏纪兰院士在一次访谈中提到,需要强调,滨海湿地对近海生态环境的重要性就相当于森林对陆地生态环境的重要性。它能够净化水源、提供氧气、维持生物多样性,同时也是重要的“蓝色碳汇”。滨海湿地有多种不同的类型,在自然界,往往是由多种类型的滨海湿地组成“滨海湿地系统”。在中国的温带近海里有三种滨海湿地类型比较重要,一是滩涂,二是海草床,三是盐沼。本期内容从生态、政策和资金等角度对滨海湿地的管理和保护进行了讨论。

Highlight

This issue of Blue Pulse looks at coastal wetlands. In an interview, Su Jilan, a member of the Academy of Science of China, emphasized that coastal wetlands are as important to the offshore ecosystem as forests are to the terrestrial ecosystem. It purifies water, provides oxygen, maintains biodiversity, and is also an important 'blue carbon sink'. There are many different types of coastal wetlands, and in nature, it is often the case that multiple types of coastal wetlands form a 'coastal wetland system'. Three types of coastal wetlands are important in China's temperate coastal zone: mudflats, seagrass beds, and salt marshes. This issue discusses the management and conservation of coastal wetlands from the perspectives of ecology, policy, and finance.


时讯 News

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两艘破冰船去救援困在北极航线海冰中的船 | The Barents Observer 摄

1) 跨部门报告《保护和恢复美丽美国》倡议采取为期十年的国家行动,在公共、私人和部落的土地和水域推进由本地主导的保护和恢复工作。

The interagency report on Conserving and Restoring America the Beautiful recommends a decade-long national initiative to advance locally led conservation and restoration in public, private, tribal lands, and waters.

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2) 今年阿拉斯加雪蟹的捕捞量减少了将近90%,其原因被认为是白令海峡冰盖在2018年和2019年急剧减少。与三年前相比,未性成熟的雌雪蟹数量减少了99%以上,同时成熟的雌雄雪蟹也大幅减少。

This year, Alaska snow crab harvest slashed by nearly 90%, the reason was considered that the changes in the Bering Sea include dramatic declines in winter ice cover in 2018 and 2019. More than 99 percent dropped in immature females compared to those found three years earlier, as well as substantial drops in mature males and females. 

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3) 10月下旬,偏远的北极水域的大部分地区被海冰覆盖。现在有大约20艘船被困于北方海航道上,俄罗斯已经派出两艘破冰船奔赴救援。

Large parts of the remote Arctic waters were in late October covered by sea-ice. More than 20 vessels are either stuck or struggling to make it through increasingly thick sea-ice on the Northern Sea Route. Russia sent two icebreakers to rescue ice-locked ships on Northern Sea Route.

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4)11月10日在英国格拉斯哥举行的联合国气候变化框架公约第26次缔约方会议上(COP26),新的克莱德班克(英国地名)宣言诞生。22国海事部门发起零排放"绿色航运走廊"发展路线图倡议联盟。

At the 26th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP26) in Glasgow, UK, on 10 November. The Signatories of the Clydebank Declaration are to support the establishment of zero emission maritime routes between 2 (or more) ports referred to as green shipping corridors. The marine departments of 22 countries and regions started the Association of Green Shipping Corridor.

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观点 Perspectives

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南加州保护区沼泽湿地中的日出 | Richard Ellis 和 Alamy Stock 摄

1)郭颖慧:在社会经济的视角下,海岸带是过去数十年来全球、特别是中国经济快速发展的引擎带,全球有半数以上人口生活在沿海60公里以内,超过1000万人口的大城市有70%位于海岸带附近。海岸带综合管理是一种旨在解决生态、文化、历史、审美以及经济发展等众多利益需求冲突的理论与实践模式,也是解决人类对海洋和海岸带生物多样性影响以及促进保护和可持续利用的最有效的手段。

Guo Yinghui: From a socio-economic perspective, the coastal zone has been the engine belt of rapid global and especially Chinese economic development over the past decades. More than half of the world's population lives within 60 km of the coast, and 70% of major cities with more than 10 million people are located near the coastal zone. Integrated coastal zone management is the theoretical method and practical model that aims to resolve the conflicts of many interests, including ecological, cultural, historical, aesthetic, and economic development. Integrated marine and coastal zone management is the most effective means to address human impacts on marine and coastal zone biodiversity and to promote conservation and sustainable use.

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2) 赵鹏等:我国蓝碳标准体系既有很强的科学基础,也受国际气候治理规制约束。蓝碳标准体系的特点主要表现在系统性、科学性、针对性和特殊性四个方面。此外也涵盖许多内容。目前,蓝碳的发展既面临难得的机遇,也十分紧迫,我国蓝碳标准体系急需进一步完善,标准制定步伐需要进一步加快。

Zhao Peng, et al.: China's blue carbon standard system has both a strong scientific basis and is also bound by international climate governance regulation. The characteristics of the blue carbon standard system include four main aspects: systemic, scientific, specific, and special. In addition, it also covers many contents. At present, there are many opportunities for the development of blue carbon. China's blue carbon standard system needs to be further improved, and the pace of standard development needs to be further accelerated.

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3)Delia Owens:盐沼是一个广阔而多样的生态系统,承载着丰富的生物资源,人类也是其中一环,因此盐沼需要得到保护。沼泽作为重要的缓冲区,可以保护土地免受严重风暴、洪水、海滩侵蚀和海平面上升的影响。而盐沼消失则是一个严重的问题,需要一个成规模的解决方案。

Delia Owens:Salt marsh is an expansive and diverse ecosystem supports a kaleidoscope of life, including our own, and must be protected. The marshes serve as essential buffers, protecting the land from severe storms, flooding, erosion of beaches, and rising sea levels. The loss of the saltwater marsh is a big problem and needs a big solution.

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4) Héctor Guzmán:与船舶碰撞是洄游性鲸鱼所面临的最大风险之一。科学家们正在使用附着在鲸鱼身上的电子标签装置,追踪它们在水下的运动和行为。这些标签的工作原理是,当鲸鱼浮出水面时,每天数次通过卫星传输鲸鱼的位置。这使科学家和研究人员能够绘制它们的运动图。根据Héctor Guzmán的研究,巴拿马实施了新的航道,以尽量减少航道和座头鲸迁移路线之间的重叠,并实施了一项政策,在繁殖季节的高峰期降低船速。

Héctor Guzmán:One of the biggest threats to migratory whales are collisions with ships. Scientists are using electronic tag devices, attached to the whales, which track their underwater movement and behavior. The tags work by transmitting a whale’s location via satellite several times a day when the whale surfaces. This allows scientists and researchers to map their movement. Based on Héctor Guzmán's studies, Panama implemented new shipping lanes to minimize overlap between shipping routes and humpback whale migration routes and a policy to reduce ship speed during the peak of breeding season.

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解读 Interpretations

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河北省被互花米草覆盖的区域 | Dr. Meng Weiqing 摄

1) Because the Ocean:绑定格拉斯哥气候协议中的海洋

Because the Ocean:THE OCEAN ANCHORED IN GLASGOW CLIMATE PACT

海洋是气候系统的引擎。海洋吸收了约90%的过剩热量和人类排放二氧化碳的大约四分之一,是应对气候变化的重要缓冲,但人类影响逐渐达到其承载的临界点,海洋正面临着风险。

2015年,"因为海洋 "倡议在COP21会议上启动,以解决纳入海洋和气候政策之间的联系。2021年10月31日,即COP26会议的第一天,在爱丁堡大学举行的一次高级别活动中,发起了第三份《因为海洋宣言》--支持COP26会议的多边海洋成果的多边倡议,并有众多国家签署。

The ocean is the engine room of the climate system. Absorbing some 90% of the excess heat and some 25% of CO2 we produce, the ocean has been a critical buffer against climate change, but tipping points are being reached and ocean risk is increasing.

The Because the Ocean initiative was launched in 2015 at COP21 to address the incorporation of the linkages between ocean and climate policies. On 31 October 2021, Day 1 of COP26 the 3rd Because the Ocean Declaration — a plurilateral initiative in support of a multilateral ocean outcome at COP26 — was launched at a high-level event held at the University of Edinburgh and signed by many countries.

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2)中外对话:这种野草占据了中国一半的盐沼

 Chinadialogue:The grass that took over half of China’s salt marshes

从互花米草被引进四十年后,它已经蔓延到全中国的海岸上。直到今年,研究遥感数据的科学家发现它已经占据了全国多于600平方公里,也就是48.3%的盐沼。

互花米草产生了许多问题,而且铲除它的花费是巨大的。2001年,上海政府在崇明岛种植了互花米草,而十一年后,上海政府不得不花费了十亿元人民币来铲除它。

当它首次被引进的时候,互花米草被称赞为“绿色长城”,现在则被认为是“绿色沙漠”的缔造者。这个故事警告我们在引进非本地物种时的危险性。

Since its introduction four decades ago, salt-water cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) has been spreading along China’s shores. By this year, researchers studying remote sensing data found it had taken over more than 600km2 – or 48.3% – of the country’s salt marshes.

The grass brings with it a number of problems and removing it is expensive. As an example, 11 years after it was planted on Chongming island in 2001, the Shanghai government was forced to spend over a billion yuan (US$150 million) to remove it.

When first introduced, the salt-water cordgrass was hailed as a “Green Great Wall”. Now it is regarded as the creator of “green deserts”. The tale provides useful warnings about the introduction of non-native species.

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3) Peter Edwards et.al.:新的融资方案扩大了保护世界沿海湿地的机会

Peter Edwards et.al.:New Financing Options Expand Opportunities to Protect World’s Coastal Wetlands

沿海湿地,如盐沼、红树林和海草,在气候调节中发挥着关键作用,它们的土壤中蕴藏着大量的碳存量,并且比同样面积的陆地森林从大气中封存的碳更多。在全球范围内保护和恢复红树林,仅就其碳价值而言,每年就可获得37亿美元的投资回报。

各国可以通过保护沿海湿地为其人民、自然和全球气候带来真正的好处。政府、民间社会和私营部门的一致努力可以帮助找到实现这一机会的资金。

Coastal wetlands such as salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrasses play a key role in climate regulation, harboring significant carbon stocks in their soils, as well as sequestering more carbon out of the atmosphere than the same area of terrestrial forest would. Conserving and restoring mangroves globally could yield a return on investment of US$3.7 billion per year based on their carbon values alone.

Countries can deliver real benefits to their people, nature, and the global climate by protecting coastal wetlands. A concerted effort by governments, civil society, and the private sector can help them find the financing to realize this opportunity.

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学术 Academics

1) 【海洋治理】生物多样性需要一切可能的工具:使用“其他有效的区域保护措施”(OECMs)

[Ocean Governance] Biodiversity needs every tool in the box: use OECMs

全球对 "30×30 "倡议——到2030年保护地球30%的目标的支持正在增长。5月,G7集团赞同50多个国家在1月对这一目标做出的承诺。当《生物多样性公约》(CBD)缔约方于2022年5月在中国昆明开会讨论最新的全球保护协议时,这很可能是重点目标。

所有这些都有可能通过一种被称为其他有效区域保护措施,即OECMs的保护政策工具得到认可。与所有保护区一起,OECMs可以帮助实现30%的目标。

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2)【划区管理】中国对一些海洋栖息地做出的鲜为人知的努力,但也有一些栖息地被忽略了

[Area-based Management] China’s little-known efforts to protect its marine ecosystems safeguard some habitats but omit others

本文展示了中国最全面的基于区域的海洋保护数据库,22%的浅海生境(<10米)得到完全或高度保护,20%的10至50米深的水域得到一定程度的保护,较深水域(>50米)的生态系统是需要保护的关键,然而中国这些水域中只有<5%得到了保护,大陆架以外的水下峡谷和海山等生境没有得到基于区域的保护。虽然中国在其境内的海洋保护方面取得了进展,但要确保所有的海洋生物得到保护,还有更多的工作要做。

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3)【海洋生态】经过保护与恢复后,中国沿海湿地状况的回升

[Ocean Ecosystem] Rebound in China's coastal wetlands following conservation and restoration

本文分析了1984-2018年期间约62,000张图像,并以30米的空间分辨率生成了中国个别年份的沿海湿地地图。研究发现,1984年至2011年间,沿海湿地面积明显减少。研究还发现,自2012年以来,在人为活动减少和保护与恢复工作增加的推动下,盐沼面积大幅增加,滩涂面积呈稳定趋势。这些1984-2018年的沿海湿地地图对于改善中国沿海湿地管理和可持续发展是非常宝贵的。

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4)【海洋生态】测量人类排污对地球海岸生态系统的冲击

[Ocean Ecosystem] Capturing the impact of human sewage on Earth's coastal ecosystems.

沿海海洋生态系统面临着来自海上和陆地人类活动的一系列压力。对沿海生态系统的陆地威胁的研究主要集中在农业方面,特别是针对肥料和牲畜粪便。这些影响不仅危害沿海物种和生态系统,而且还影响人类健康和经济活动。但是很少有研究评估人类废水对沿海生态系统和社区健康的影响。本文使用了高分辨率地理空间模型从这一方面开展了研究。

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5)【蓝色经济】蓝色食物在环境上的影响

[Blue Economy] Environmental performance of blue foods

蓝色食品,即鱼类和其他水生食品,为实现可持续的饮食提供了更好的契机。然而,对于其生产的巨大多样性而言,蓝色食品很少被纳入环境影响研究中。本研究提供了涵盖全球近四分之三产量的蓝色食物在温室气体、氮、磷、淡水和土地压力上的标准化估计。

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6)【海洋治理】保护濒危的海洋生物和生物多样性需要保护40%的海洋

[Ocean Governance] Conserving threatened marine species and biodiversity requires 40% ocean protection

全球在确定海洋保护区(MPA)位置的优先次序时,没有考虑到对生物多样性的全面衡量以及受威胁物种的分布。作者通过研究濒危物种分布图和生物多样性代表区,发现至少需要保护40%的海洋,才可以充分保护68%的生物多样性的所有方面,以及30%的IUCN红色名单上的受威胁物种。目前只有2.5%的优先区域在海洋保护区内,这突出表明迫切需要加强对专属经济区和公海的生物多样性和受威胁物种生存的所有重要区域的保护。

阅读/Read


其他资料 Other resources

[蓝色经济] 联合国经济和社会事务部发布《海洋行动简报:蓝色食物与海洋》

[Blue Economy] OCEAN ACTION NEWSLETTER: BLUE FOODS AND THE OCEAN

报告/Report


活动 Events

>>预告 Upcoming Events

2012年12月27日 网络研讨会 在不断变化的气候下规划海岸和海洋遗产

2021.12.17 Webinar Planning for coastal and marine heritage in a changing climate

详情/Detail


>>回顾 Recordings

2021年11月17日 海洋保护区的自筹资金机制

2021.11.17 Self-financing mechanisms for MPAs

详情/Detail


>>其他 Others

本快讯两周更新一期,往期内容可以查看这里。如果您在快讯内容或形式上有任何意见或建议,欢迎发邮件至ocean@ghub.org告诉我们,也欢迎您将《蓝色脉搏》推荐给同事和朋友

感谢实习同事徐家贤对本期快讯的贡献

题图:南加州保护区沼泽湿地中的日出 | Richard Ellis 和 Alamy Stock 摄