导语 Introduction
关键点一
WTO渔业补贴谈判的部长会议延后了，但是关于渔业补贴的讨论并没有中断。本期的时讯、观点、解读、学术和学术版块继续跟踪该议题的最新信息。其实历经这么多年的正式与非正式的对话与谈判，加上媒体中的讨论，该说的话早就已经都说过，现在就看决策者的决心和共识了。
Highlight 1
The ministerial meeting on the WTO fisheries subsidies negotiations has been postponed, but the discussion on fisheries subsidies carries on. The News, Perspectives, Interpretation, and Academic sections of this issue track the latest information on this subject is included. In fact, after so many years of formal and informal dialogue and negotiations, as well as debates in the media, everything that needs to be said has already been said and it is now up to policymakers to decide and agree.
关键点二
深海采矿也是本期关注的重点。随着制度准备和技术准备的不断成熟，公海海底矿产的开发的前景正在逐渐明朗。与此同时关于这个议题的讨论也越来越激烈。在格拉斯哥气候大会期间，就有媒体刊文对”绿色能源转型需要海底矿产资源“的说法进行了批判。本期收录的文章中主要还是针对相关事实的总结和讨论。特别是其他资料版块中收录有一篇报告是关于采矿的噪音问题的，可以进一步增强我们对此议题的了解。
Highlight 2
Deep-sea mining is also a focus of this issue. As institutional and technological readiness continues to mature, the prospects for the development of high seas seabed minerals are becoming clearer. At the same time, the debate on this topic is becoming more intense. During the Glasgow Climate Conference, an article in the media criticized the narrative that a 'green energy transition requires seabed minerals'. The articles included in this issue are summaries and discussions of the related facts. In particular, the inclusion of a report on the issue of mining noise in the other materials further enhances our understanding of this topic.
时讯 News
Maddie Meyer GETTY IMAGES NORTH AMERICA/AFP 制
1）为了更好地保护濒危的短鳍灰鲭鲨，北大西洋捕鱼国承诺将会在2022年结束过度捕捞，并且在接下来的50年里帮助物种数量恢复。
North Atlantic fishing nations have pledged to better protect the endangered shortfin mako shark by ending overfishing from 2022 and helping stocks to rebound over the next 50 years.
2) 中国农业农村部渔业渔政管理局关于《远洋渔业企业履约评估表（征求意见稿）》公开征求意见。
Ministry of agriculture and rural affairs of China seeks public comments on the Compliance Assessment Form for Distant Water Fishing Enterprises (Draft for Comments).
3）世界贸易组织（WTO）渔业补贴谈判在第十二届部长级会议（MC12）之前提交了一份协议草案供部长们审议。因为目前新冠疫情的限制，第十二届部长级会议已被推迟。新的日期还没有确定。
The World Trade Organization (WTO) fisheries subsidies negotiations submitted a draft agreement for ministers’ consideration ahead of the Twelfth Ministerial Conference (MC12). In light of COVID-19 restrictions, MC12 has been postponed. A new date has not been set yet.
4）根据最近的IPCC报告和《格拉斯哥气候公约》所强调的提升减碳雄心，国际海事组织（IMO）下属的海洋环境保护委员会（MEPC）开始修订其2018年发布的关于减少船舶温室气体排放的初步战略。同时通过了在北极地区自愿使用清洁燃料以减少黑碳排放的决议。
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) in view of the urgency for all sectors to accelerate their efforts to reduce GHG emissions - as emphasized in the recent IPCC reports and the Glasgow Climate Pact - recognized the need to strengthen the ambition of the Initial IMO GHG Strategy during its revision process. IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), agreed to initiate the revision of its GHG strategy. The MEPC also adopted a resolution on the voluntary use of cleaner fuels in the Arctic, to reduce black carbon emissions.
5）中西部太平洋渔业委员会（WCPFC）年度会议于12月7日闭幕，各方就自2022年起将30公斤以上大型鱼的捕捞量配额比2021年增加15％达成协议。自目前的捕捞限制推出的2015年以后，这是首次增加配额。
The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) 2021 meeting concluded on December 7 with an agreement to increase the catch quota for large fish over 30 kg by 15% starting in 2022 compared to 2021. This is the first quota increase since 2015 when the current catch limit was introduced.
观点 Perspectives
1）Danielle Kessler: 国际爱护动物基金会 (IFAW) 正在努力确保剩下的360头露脊鲸的生存，并确保新英格兰渔民仍然可以进入重要捕鱼区进行龙虾捕捞。NOAA有远见和决心，向那些使用无绳捕鱼技术的人开放季节性禁渔区，这对露脊鲸，和捕捞龙虾的渔民来说是令人鼓舞的一步。无绳技术，或称 "按需垂直线"技术，可以快速减少在已知鲸鱼洄游的水域中的渔线，迅速降低了致命缠绕的风险。
Danielle Kessler: IFAW is working to ensure the 360 remaining right whales survive and that New England fishermen maintain access to important fishing areas. NOAA’s foresight and decision to open seasonally closed areas to those utilizing ropeless fishing technology represents an encouraging step forward for right whales and lobstermen. Ropeless, or “on-demand vertical line” technology, can sharply reduce rope in the water where whales are known to migrate, dramatically lowering the risk of deadly entanglement.
2）Rémi Parmentier: 在格拉斯哥气候大会上通过的《格拉斯哥气候协议》中，呼吁淘汰低效的化石燃料补贴，这是一个不难理解的问题。只要政府使用纳税人的钱来支持煤炭、石油和天然气基础设施的开发和运营，他们就在破坏自己对《巴黎协定》中关于将全球升温控制在1.5ºC以下的目标的承诺。
Rémi Parmentier: It was a no-brainer for the Glasgow Climate Pact adopted at COP 26 to include a call for the phase-out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies. As long as governments use taxpayers’ money to support coal, oil, and natural gas infrastructure development and operations, they are undermining their own commitments to the Paris Agreement target to keep global warming below 1.5ºC.
3）Janet Coit：气候驱动的巨大变化近在眼前。它们已经在影响国家宝贵的海洋生物和生态系统以及依赖它们的许多社区和经济。
Janet Coit：No one has to peer into the distance anymore to see dramatic climate-driven changes. They’re already impacting the nation’s valuable marine life and ecosystems and the many communities and economies that depend on them.
4）Victoria Sheppard: 加拿大公园与荒野协会（CPAWS）对加拿大海洋的使命很简单：更多的海洋保护区（MPA），更好的MPA，以及位置合理的MPA。自2012年以来，我们发布了一份年度报告，以评估加拿大在实现保护目标方面的进展，和评估保护标准，并与其他国家的进展进行比较。这些报告的目标是推动公众对话，提供信息和建议，以加强特定MPA的政策和行动。
Victoria Sheppard: The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society (CPAWS) mission for Canada’s ocean is simple: more marine protected areas (MPAs), better MPAs, and MPAs in the right places. Since 2012, we’ve issued an annual report to assess the country’s progress toward protection targets, to evaluate protection standards, and to compare progress with other countries. The goals of these reports are to drive public dialogue and provide information and recommendations to strengthen policy and action on specific MPAs.
5）Susan Jackson: 重建种群的努力正在发挥作用，这是一个信号，表明管理正在改善。我们的《种群状况》报告显示，全球大部分金枪鱼渔获量来自处于健康丰度水平的种群。随着时间的推移，该报告中的数据（每年多次更新）显示，一些金枪鱼种群的情况正在改善，而另一些则需要区域渔业管理组织（RFMOs）更好地管理。
Susan Jackson: Stock-rebuilding efforts are working, which is a sign that management is improving. Our Status of the Stocks report shows that the majority of the global tuna catch comes from stocks that are at healthy levels of abundance. Over time, data in that report – which is updated multiple times per year, every year – shows that the health of some tuna stocks are improving, while others need to be better managed by regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs).
解读 Interpretations
1）The Scientist: 问与答：如何保护南极免受从入侵物种之害？
The Scientist: Q&A: How to keep Antarctica safe from invasive species?
随着气候变化的加剧，一些生物可能会逃离他们的历史栖息地，前往更适合的地区。如果它们前往的区域的自然系统是脆弱的，这可能会给已经存在的食物网和生态系统带来挑战，南极洲就可能发生这种情况。
As climate change transforms the planet, some organisms may flee their historic habitats for more hospitable areas. That can create challenges for the food webs and ecosystems already there, especially if those natural systems are delicate, as is the case in Antarctica.
2）Anthropocene: 世界最大生物的粪便对海洋生态和碳捕获有惊人的作用。
Anthropocene: Poo from the world's largest animals has a stunning effect on ocean ecosystems and even carbon capture.
"我们的结果表明，如果我们将鲸鱼数量恢复到20世纪初也就是工业化捕鲸前的水平，我们将恢复海洋生态系统失去的大量功能，"参与研究的史密森尼国家自然历史博物馆海洋哺乳动物化石馆长尼古拉斯-派恩森说。"我们可能需要几十年的时间才能看到这种好处，但这是迄今为止对大型鲸鱼在我们星球上的巨大作用最清晰的解读。"
“Our results say that if we restore whale populations to pre-whaling levels seen at the beginning of the 20th century, we’ll restore a huge amount of lost function to ocean ecosystems,” said Nicholas Pyenson, curator of fossil marine mammals at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, who took part in the research. “It may take a few decades to see the benefit, but it’s the clearest read yet about the massive role of large whales on our planet.”
3）联合国教科文组织: 一艘风帆考察船里可以塞进80个Argo浮标！
UNESCO: How many Argo floats can you fit sailing yacht？ Eighty is the answer.
在考察期间，Iris号帆船上的法国科研团队”蓝色观察员“将部署总共100个称为Argo浮筒的自动机器人。Argo分析浮筒随着洋流漂移，在海面和中层水之间上下移动，收集海洋上部2公里处的压力、温度和盐度剖面。这些仪器能够进行气候变化研究，并为大气预测模型提供资料，这对了解气候变化至关重要，并有助于预测极端天气和气候事件。
UNESCO: During the expedition, the French Blue Observer team onboard S/V Iris will deploy a total of 100 autonomous robots, called Argo floats. Argo profiling floats are autonomous robots that drift with the ocean currents and move up and down between the surface and a mid-water level, collecting pressure, temperature, and salinity profiles from the upper 2 kilometers of the ocean. These instruments enable climate variation studies, as well as feed atmospheric forecasting models, vital to understand climate change, and help prediction of extreme weather and climate events.
4）中外对话：深海采矿的几个关键问题
China Dialogue: Deep-sea mining key questions
目前世界各地开展的主要是浅海领域的泥沙、锡矿和钻石开采。虽然某些国家领海也开展了一些深海采矿活动，但在任何国家而属于“人类共同继承财产”的国际海底区域进行深海采矿目前还处于探索阶段。截至目前，获得批准的深海勘探合同共有31个，期限为15年，目的是对3种不同的矿产资源的规模和范围进行评估，累计覆盖面积达到100万平方公里以上。实际开采要到“深海采矿行为准则”达成一致意见后才能开始。
Shallow-water mining for sand, tin, and diamonds is already happening around the world, and some deep-sea mining has taken place within the territorial waters of certain countries. But deep-sea mining in international waters that belong to no one nation, but to the “common heritage of mankind”, is currently only at the exploration stage.To date, 31 contracts to explore for 15 years have been granted to assess the size and extent of three different types of mineral deposits in areas totaling more than 1 million square kilometers. Actual mining cannot begin there until “the code” is agreed.
5）The Pew Charitable Trusts: 一个进取的渔业补贴削减协议可以提高鱼类种群和全球渔获量
皮尤慈善信托基金会: An ambitious fisheries subsidies agreement could boost fish populations and global catch
在世界贸易组织（WTO）就遏制政府向其渔业部门发放有害的渔业补贴的建议进行谈判时，皮尤慈善信托基金和领头的科学家开发了一个建模工具，以分析这些建议的潜在影响。该工具显示，如果世贸组织达成一项进取的的协议，在全球范围内消除所有有害的补贴，那么到2050年全球鱼类生物量将增加12.5%。这相当于近3500万公吨的鱼--四倍于北美2017年的鱼消费量。
In the midst of negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO) over proposals to curb the harmful fisheries subsidies that governments issue to their fishing sectors, The Pew Charitable Trusts and leading scientists developed a modeling tool to analyze the proposals’ potential effects.The tool shows that an ambitious WTO deal to eliminate all harmful subsidies worldwide could result in a 12.5 per cent increase in global fish biomass by 2050. This translates to nearly 35 million metric tons of fish—four times North America’s fish consumption in 2017.
6）Sciencedaily: 北极海洋开始变暖的时间比我们以为的要更早
Sciencedaily: Arctic Ocean started getting warmer decades earlier than we thought.
利用在海洋微生物中发现的化学特征，研究人员发现北冰洋在上个世纪初开始迅速变暖，因为更温暖和更咸的水从大西洋流入--一种被称为大西洋化的现象--而且这种变化可能早于现代仪器测量记录的变暖。自1900年以来，海洋温度已经上升了大约2摄氏度，海冰开始退去，盐度逐渐增加。
Using the chemical signatures found in marine microorganisms, the researchers found that the Arctic Ocean began warming rapidly at the beginning of the last century as warmer and saltier waters flowed in from the Atlantic——a phenomenon called Atlantification -- and that this change likely preceded the warming documented by modern instrumental measurements. Since 1900, the ocean temperature has risen by approximately 2 degrees Celsius, while sea ice has retreated, and salinity has increased.
学术 Academics
1）【蓝色经济】对世界贸易组织有害渔业补贴协定草案的建设性批评
[Blue Economy] A constructive critique of the World Trade Organization draft agreement on harmful fisheries subsidies
2021年11月，世界贸易组织（WTO）成员可能会达成一项禁止有害渔业补贴的协议，使20多年来的谈判和讨论达到高潮。本评论强调了当前草案文本的优势和可以改进的地方，以确保该协议真正有助于可持续和公平的渔业。
2）【划区管理】代表性并不一定减少对生物多样性的威胁：2012-2018年的澳大利亚的英联邦海洋保护区体系
[Area based Management] Representation does not necessarily reduce threats to biodiversity: Australia’s Commonwealth marine protected area system, 2012–2018
2012年，澳大利亚宣布了一个国家海洋保护区（MPA）体系--国家海洋保护区代表体系（NRSMPA）。在联邦政府换届后，该体系经历了两次重大修订：2015年发布的独立审查，以及2018年实施的由国家公园主任设计的最终计划。我们发现，与2012年和2015年的成果评估相比，2018年NRSMPA的保护水平被降低了。虽然每个成果评估都达到了其定性目标，但缺乏定量目标意味着生物物理特征的代表性是不平衡的。
3）【海洋生态】深海表层生物群需要多金属结核
[Ocean Ecosystem] Threatened by mining, polymetallic nodules are required to preserve abyssal epifauna
在这项研究中，用深海调查时的视频来比较四个深海采矿许可区域内具有不同结核覆盖率的地点的深海表层生物。结果显示，在密集的结核覆盖区，深海表层生物的密度要高两倍以上，无结核区几乎没有诸如藻类和反径类珊瑚的分类群（每100平方米>25个而另一组≤10个）。此外，沿着拖网或实验性采矿模拟的轨迹进行的调查表明，深海表层生物几乎被完全清除，其完全恢复速度也比较缓慢。
4）【技术工具】利用卫星海洋颜色和拉格朗日粒子轨迹对有害藻类繁殖风险的早期预警
[Tech & Tools] Early Warning of Harmful Algal Bloom Risk Using Satellite Ocean Color and Lagrangian Particle Trajectories
最新的研究将拉格朗日轨迹和卫星观测结合起来，为监测具有高时间和空间分辨率的水的性质变化提供了新的基础。在这项研究中，研究人员开发了一个预测方案，用于综合卫星的观测数据和拉格朗日模型数据，以更好地解释有害藻类繁殖（HAB）的风险。
5）【技术与工具】使用CMSY和BSM方法评估中国海域16个经济鱼类种群
[Tech & Tools] Assessments of 16 Exploited Fish Stocks in Chinese Waters Using the CMSY and BSM Methods
利用公布的渔获量时间序列以及CMSY和BSM方法，评估了中国渔业的16个海洋商业鱼类物种/种群。考虑到作为输入的渔获量时间序列、一些辅助信息和合理的限制条件，评估了承载能力、最大可持续产量以及生物量和开发率的可能时间序列。
6）【渔业管理】对缺乏渔获量统计的鱼类物种进行数据有限的种群评估：渤海和黄海中银鲳鱼和黄鲫的案例研究
[Fishery Management] Data-Limited Stock Assessment for Fish Species Devoid of Catch Statistics: Case Studies for Pampus argenteus and Setipinna taty in the Bohai and Yellow Seas
对于许多鱼类种群，如中国的银鲳鱼和黄鲫，种群内的尺寸组成数据比捕获数据更容易获得。当不同的基于长度的种群评估模型应用于这些数据时，可能会产生不同的结果，渔业管理者往往需要调和各种相互矛盾的种群状况估计方法。超级集合模型在鱼类种群评估方面应用是最近的一项创新的应用。在之前，这个模型通常用于其他领域，这个模型可能可以为鱼类基于长度的种群评估提供一个有效的解决方案，以解决多个基于长度的模型结果之间的不确定性。本文以渤海和黄海中银鲳鱼和黄鲫作为案例进行研究。
其他资料 Other resources
[技术工具]公民科学：数海象
[Tools] Citizen Science: counting walrus
[报告] 海洋养护：深海采矿：噪声严重
[Report] Ocean Care: Deep-Sea Mining: A noisy affair
[网页专题] 保护区体系和斯特尔瓦根保护区所达到的里程碑式的进展
[Web special topic] Sanctuary system and Stellwagen sanctuary reach milestone anniversaries in 2022
活动 Events
>>预告 Upcoming Events
2021年12月13-17日，专题研讨会：珊瑚礁的未来2021
2021, 12, 13-17, Symposium: REEF FUTURES 2021
2021年12月13-15日 亚太经合组织海洋废弃物纳米塑料研讨会
2021, 12, 13-15, APEC Workshop on Nanoplastics in Marine Debris
>>回顾 Recordings
2012年12月5日 “南海与国际海洋法”公益讲座第十二讲：南海仲裁案与南海舆论战
>>其他 Others
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题图：短鳍灰鲭鲨因其肉，鳍和运动钓鱼而备受推崇 | Maddie Meyer GETTY IMAGES NORTH AMERICA/AFP 制
