第 38 期 | 蓝色脉搏·海洋生命共同体速递

日期:

因疫情延期一年举行的联合国气候变化框架公约第26次缔约方大会(COP26)正在苏格兰格拉斯哥召开。虽然海洋不是大会的主要议题,但是大会的成果将决定着海洋的未来。极地海洋是升温最快的区域,也是蓝色脉搏持续关注的焦点。本期的各个版块中都有讨论气候变化下极地海洋的变化与保护的内容,可以作为理解海洋与气候之关联的参考资料。

时讯 News

CCAMLR会议线下会场 | Alistair Graham 摄

1) 第40届南极海洋生物资源养护委员会年会在线上举行。会议决定延续原有的磷虾捕捞配额分布方案,但是未能通过海洋保护区提案,关于气候变化的决议也未能通过。

The 40th meeting of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) was held online. The meeting decided to continue the existing measure of krill fishing allowance distribution but failed to adopt any marine protected area proposal or agree to a resolution on climate change.

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2) 亚洲及欧洲公司在西非不断提高鱼粉和鱼油生产量,这已经严重影响到当地的粮食安全和小农生计。绿色和平针对这一行为发起抗议,于英吉利海峡拦截了一艘运送鱼油的货轮。

Greenpeace protested West African alarming rate of growth of West Africa’s fishmeal and fish oil industry which has affected local food security severely and intercepted a tanker transporting fish oil from West Africa, via the English Channel.

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3) 从墨西哥北部到加利福尼亚州(Baja California Sur)西海岸下方,国际研究团队记录到了剑吻鲸家族的新物种。这项研究由美国和墨西哥的专家共同进行,体现了跨境合作对研究和保护的重要性。

International Research Team Documents Potential New Species of Beaked Whale off Mexico. This study was conducted jointly by researchers from both the United States and Mexico and shows how cross-boundary collaboration is key to research and conservation.

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4)白宫宣布美国将大规模扩建海上风电发现项目,此举将有利于实现美国的气候目标。新建的海上风电装置可以为1000万户家庭提供电力。此外,美国将投入1350万美元,针对风电发展对野生动物的影响进行深入研究。

White House Announces Plans for Massive Expansion of Offshore Wind Farms, which can help President Joe Biden meet the U.S.’s climate targets which can provide electricity for 10 million families. Meanwhile, it would spend $13.5 million to study the risks of offshore wind development to wildlife.

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观点 Perspectives

图片
Beaufort海上人工岛屿上的勘探平台
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement 摄

1)Steve Blackledge和Dyani Chapman:应该允许石油和天然气公司在北极熊的自然栖息地去勘探和抽取石油吗?对任何关心北极熊命运的人来说,答案都是否定的。我们希望法庭可以去实地考察真相,并督促政府重新制定计划,从而颁布对北极熊威胁较小,且重视保护的法律法规。

Steve Blackledge and Dyani Chapman:“Should oil and gas companies be allowed to explore and extract oil in the polar bear’s natural habitat? For anyone who cares about the fate of polar bears, that answer is no. We hope the courts will examine the facts on the ground and force the government back to the drawing board, leading to a regulation that’s far less threatening and much more protective of the polar bear.”

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2)Doreen Leggett: 海豹数量的上升会给渔民造成很大的经济损失。瑞典《海洋哺乳动物保护法》写明渔民可以合法阻止海豹捕食养殖鱼类,但为了避免处罚,他们应该遵守国家海洋渔业局提出的规范和建议。但这些细节条款目前还不存在,因此渔民们进退两难,他们并没有时间,人力资源,资金和渠道去为完善这些规范和建议开展调查。

Doreen Leggett: The increasing number of seals locally is causing significant financial losses for fishermen. There is a section of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of Sweden that provides fishermen with the opportunity to deter seals, but to avoid penalties they are supposed to abide by a list of recommendations produced by National Marine Fisheries Service. That list does not yet exist. So, fishermen are in sort of a quandary, fishermen don’t have the time, staff, or capital to make those kinds of investments.

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3)RightShip:全球最大的第三方海事调查组织和安全评估机构RightShip表示,国际海事组织(IMO)为2023年减少温室气体排放推出的现有船舶能效指数 (EEXI) 和碳排放强度指数 (CII)可能过于保守。仅考虑运营方面的因素,可能无法强制实施减碳策略,同时错过船舶能效设计指数(EEDI)的关键减排能力。

RightShip: RightShip, the world’s largest third-party maritime survey organization and safety assessor, said the existing Energy Efficiency Index for Ships (EEXI) and Carbon Intensity Index (CII) introduced by IMO to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2023 may be too slow to enforce changes by considering only operational aspects, while missing the key emission reductions of the Energy Efficiency Design Index for Ships (EEDI) capacity.

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4)Ian Morse:科学家们认为海底采矿很可能会导致大范围海床损伤,但是这些环境损伤在法律上还尚未界定。太平洋目前是世界上海底采矿的实验室,可能因此承受一些无法预估的风险。

Ian Morse:Mining will likely cause widespread damage in seabed, scientists say, but the legal definition of environmental damage when it comes to deep-sea mining has yet to be determined. The Pacific is currently the world’s laboratory for the experiment of Deep Seabed Mining and may take some risks which cannot be predicted.

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解读 Interpretations

图片
毒性水藻蓝藻的暴发。亚历山大链藻大部分是肉眼不可见的 | Alex Whiting 摄

1)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution:一片加州大小的有毒藻床正移向北极圈

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: There’s a Toxic, California-Sized Algae Bed Creeping Into the Arctic

科学家发现世界上规模最大的带有毒囊的藻床正在靠近阿拉斯加海岸。这片藻类有1000公里长,350公里宽。科学家担心这种亚历山大链藻毒囊产生毒素会导致海洋生物的大规模死亡,危急数十个北极社区的粮食供应,甚至导致当地居民的疾病与死亡。

Researchers find that the largest toxic algae cyst bed is creeping into the coast of Alaska. The massive bed is more than 1,000 kilometers long and 350 kilometers wide. Researchers worried that the toxic bloom, produced by the cysts of the algae species Alexandrium catenella, could lead to mass die-offs of marine species, and imperil the food supply of dozens of remote Arctic communities—or even cause sickness and death in humans.

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2) The Safina Center: 秋日探险2021:变化中的北冰洋

The Safina Center: FALL EXPEDITION 2021: THE STORY OF A CHANGING ARCTIC OCEAN

在七日的探险中,作者对冰岛北部的海洋进行了不同的调查,并记录了这几天内气候相关的极端现象。

In the 7 days expedition, we had different surveys in the ocean in northern Iceland, and recorded the extreme climate happened in the several days.

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3)中外对话:会文湿地:寻找湿地保护和水产养殖的平衡

Chinadialogue: The Huiwen wetlands: balancing conservation and aquaculture

位于海南东部沿海文昌市八门湾到冯家湾一带的滨海湿地,长度约15公里,宽约1-4公里,因落在会文镇境内,被当地称作会文湿地。“十四五”海洋生态环境保护规划的要求下,当地进行了多种改革,以求东风螺养殖和自然保护的平衡。

The coastal wetland located in the area from Bamenwan Bay to Fengjiawan Bay in Wenchang City, on the eastern coast of Hainan, is about 15 kilometers long and 1-4 kilometers wide, and is locally known as Huiven Wetland because it falls within Huiwen Town. Under the requirements of the “14th Five-Year Plan” for marine ecological and environmental protection, various reforms have been carried out in order to strike a balance between Babylonia areolata cultivation and nature conservation.

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4)Mongabay: 科学的对立面:当深海调查遇上采矿利益

Mongabay: ‘Antithetical to science’: When deep-sea research meets mining interests

深海研究高额的成本使得许多科学家不得不依靠一些有意去开采海底资源的公司的资金。目前,一半以上的深海生物学课题组都与政府或者公司合作去做一些基础调查。但与利益相关方的合作总会造成一些道德上的危机,而目前研究调查的透明度也有待于提高。

The high cost of studying deep-sea ecosystems makes many researchers must depend on funding from some companies which want to exploit the sea floor resources. More than half of the scientists in the small, highly specialized deep-sea biology community have worked with governments and mining companies to do baseline research. However, cooperation with stakeholders always creates some ethical crisis, and the transparency of current research surveys needs to be improved.

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学术 Academics

1)【蓝色经济】通过公私合作为海洋可再生能源技术的商业化扫清道路

[Blue Economy] Clearing a Path to Commercialization of Marine Renewable Energy Technologies Through Public–Private Collaboration

政府在持续地推动公私伙伴关系,利用产业支持来改善公共资产和服务。本文描述了一种独特的公私合作方式,政府创建了一些机制去支持国营和私营部门合作对升级海洋可再生能源监测技术并推动这些技术的商业化。

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2)【渔业管理】 结束过度捕捞并提高海洋对气候变化的适应能力

[Fishery Management] End Overfishing and Increase the Resilience of the Ocean to Climate Change

由于捕捞对生态系统的影响,海洋鱼类种群及其栖息的生态系统在许多海域都在退化。同时,气候变化正在扰乱海洋的物理、化学和生态,对其所拥有的生物产生重大影响。本文通过回顾现有文献并进行分析,以证明结束过度捕捞和减少捕捞带来的其他负面影响将使鱼类种群和海洋生态系统对气候变化更具恢复力。

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3)【气候海洋】全球变暖下浮游生物聚集的主要重组

[Climate & Ocean] Major restructuring of marine plankton assemblages under global warming

海洋浮游植物与浮游动物是海洋植物食物网的基础,但气候变化对于它们的影响还尚不明确。本文中使用了物种分布模型,对所有336种浮游植物与524种浮游动物做了模拟,得出它们现在,以及未来的栖息地适应性模式。

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4)【气候海洋】量化21世纪海洋耦合事件在北极放大效应和海冰流失中的作用。

[Climate & Ocean] Quantifying the role of ocean coupling in Arctic amplification and sea-ice loss over the 21st century

北极与地球其他部分相比更快地变暖,这种现象被称为北极放大,这是气候变化最显着的特征之一,对整个北半球气候具有重要的影响。有几种机制被认为是导致北极放大的原因;然而,仍然缺乏对它们相对重要性的定量理解。本研究表明,热力学耦合是未来放大和海冰损失的原因,因为它克服了动态耦合的影响,将放大和海冰损失减少了约 35%。研究结果证明了有针对性的数值实验可以量化特定机制在北极放大中的作用,从而更好地限制气候预测。

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5)【气候海洋】变暖效应下北太平洋增强对厄尔尼诺/南方涛动的影响

[Climate & Ocean] Enhanced North Pacific impact on El Niño/Southern Oscillation under greenhouse warming

大多数厄尔尼诺/南方涛动(El Niño/Southern Oscillation, ENSO)事件之前都有北太平洋子午线模式(North Pacific Meridional Mode, NPMM),这是一种主要的海洋-大气耦合的变化模式。本研究结果认为NPMM有助于增加未来极端ENSO事件的频率,并将成为预测性ENSO事件的重要前兆。

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其他资料 Other resources

【海洋生态】政策白皮书:中国的生物多样性保护
[Ocean Ecosystem] Policy White Paper: Biodiversity Conservation in China
报告/Report


渔业管理】绿色和平 《中国渔船管理现状与新思路》
[Fishery Management] Current situation and new ideas of Chinese fishing vessel management
报告/Report


【渔业管理】自然保护协会(NRDC)《渔业数字化报告》
[Fishery Management] NRDC: E-Reporting in Fisheries
报告/Report


【渔业管理】枯竭的海洋
[Fishery Management] AN EXHAUSTED OCEAN
图集/Exhibition


活动 Events

>>预告 Upcoming Events

1)2021年11月9-10日  线上研讨会:为我们的海岸、海洋和社区实现30×30
20210Nov9-10 Virtual Conference: Achieving 30×30 for Our Coasts, Oceans, and Communities
详情/Detail


2)2021年12月06日-12月10日 网络研讨会 经济学人集团:世界海洋峰会亚洲-太平洋分议题:投资蓝色经济
2021.12.06-12.10 The Economist Group’s World Ocean Summit Asia-Pacific: Investing in A Blue Economy (Virtual Event)
详情/Detail


>>回顾 Recordings

1)2021年10月11日-15日 联合国生物多样性大会第一阶段总结报告
2021.10.11-15 UN Biodiversity Conference Part I Summary Report
详情/Detail


2)2021年10月14日至15日,第四届中国—欧洲国际海洋法研讨会
2021.10.14-15 The 4th Sino – European States International Law of the Sea Symposium
详情/Detail


>>其他 Others

本快讯两周更新一期,往期内容可以查看这里。如果您在快讯内容或形式上有任何意见或建议,欢迎发邮件至ocean@ghub.org告诉我们,也欢迎您将《蓝色脉搏》推荐给同事和朋友

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题图:Beaufort海上人工岛屿上的勘探平台 | Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement 摄