第 48 期 | 蓝色脉搏·海洋生命共同体速递

日期:

气候变化背景下,两极地区在自然和政治上的稳定性亟需国际社会关注和回应;同时,科学研究探讨继续为海洋保护区建设“保驾护航”。

导语 Introduction

关键点一

本期蓝色脉搏继续关注南北极的变化,在快讯和观点部分可以看到东南极异常暖流导致该地区冰架从未有过的坍塌,俄乌交战引发的政治因素导致地理上占据50%北极海岸的俄罗斯无法参加国际级别的北冰洋泛科学研究。南北极在自然和政治上的稳定性的减弱需要国际社会的有力回应。

Highlight 1

In this issue of Blue Pulse, we continue to look at the changes in the polar regions. In the News and Perspectives section, you can read about the unprecedented collapse of the region’s ice shelves due to anomalous warming in the East Antarctic, and the political factors arising from the Russo-Ukrainian war that have prevented Russia, which geographically occupies 50% of the Arctic coast, from participating in international-level Arctic Ocean pangaea research. The weakening of the natural and political stability of the Southern Arctic requires a strong response from the international community.

关键点二

怎样的海洋保护区是有效的?如何为海洋哺乳动物规划保护区?如何为海洋保护区筹措更多的资源?发展中国家如何发挥海洋保护的领导力?本期的学术版块讨论了这些海洋保护区研究者关心的问题。

Highlight 2

How to marine protected areas effective? How can protected areas be planned for marine mammals? How can more resources be raised for marine protected areas? How can developing countries take leadership in marine conservation? This issue’s Academic section addresses these questions of interest to marine protected area researchers.


时讯 News

保险公司逐步终止对非法捕鱼船队的承保 | 环境公正基金会(EJF)制

(1)环境公正基金会(EJF)发现某船队在大西洋进行非法捕鱼,保险公司Hydor已经终止了与该船队的合同。因此,船队经营者面临着严重的经济损失风险。环保组织Oceana与EJF共同提醒其他保险公司应该吸取教训、收紧监管,使非法捕鱼无法得逞。

Insurance company Hydor has ended its contract with a fleet of vessels that were discovered fishing illegally across the Atlantic by the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF). Without insurance, the fleet operators are at risk of severe financial losses. Oceana, who worked with EJF to warn Hydor about its unwitting association with an illegal fleet, says that other insurers should follow suit to tighten the net and make illegal fishing untenable.

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(2) 为进一步提升远洋渔业监管能力,稳定生产经营秩序,推进远洋渔业规范有序高质量发展,农业农村部研究制定了《远洋渔业“监管提升年”行动方案》,部署开展远洋渔业“监管提升年”行动。

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China published the Action Plan to Enhance Regulation of Distant Water Fisheries in 2022 to deploy regulatory actions in this area. This is to advance capacities in the regulation of distant water fisheries and sustain orders both in productions and operations, promoting a normative, orderly, and high-quality development in distant-water fisheries.

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(3)东南极洲一地区长久以来被认为受气候变化影响较轻并保持稳定,但近期南极洲东部某些区域因为异常暖流而急速升温,卫星图像捕捉到该区域中一个相当于纽约市大小的冰架发生坍塌。这是史上第一次在该区域发生冰架坍塌,意味着全球变暖背景下的东南极洲的稳定性和抵抗能力可能被高估了。

An area is long thought to be not hit much by climate change thus stable in East Antarctica. But an ice shelf the size of New York City in this area has collapsed captured by satellite images when recently temperatures in some spots in East Antarctica soared due to a freakish warm spell. This marked the first time in history that an ice shelf collapse took place in this area, which indicates that within the context of global warming,  the stability and resistance of East Antarctica have been overestimated.  

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(4)国际海底管理局(ISA)和世界海洋物种登记平台(WoRMS)正式建立了伙伴关系,以加强推进关于深海物种分类标准化的共同努力。

The International Seabed Authority (ISA) and the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) formalized their partnership to strengthen their mutual efforts on advancing deep-sea taxonomic standardization in the area.

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观点 Perspectives

海洋保护会谈必须包括人权 | Mongabay 制

(1)Kimberley Brown:一封由世界各地环保人士、科学家和人权倡导者签署的公开信,写给3月于日内瓦参加联合国生物多样性公约工作组会议的缔约方代表。公开信呼吁将人权明确纳入正在形成的全球生物多样性目标,即在2030年前保护30%的土地和海洋(30×30)。签署者担心扩大专属海洋保护区将导致依靠渔业为生并参与海洋资源可持续利用的小型渔民被剥夺捕鱼权。

Kimberley Brown: An open letter signed by environmentalists, scientists and human rights advocates worldwide was addressed to government representatives attending CBD Geneva meetings in March. It called for the clear inclusion of human rights in the emerging global biodiversity goal to conserve 30% of land and ocean by 2030 (30×30).

Signatories fear the expansion of exclusive marine protected areas will lead to denied fishing access to small-scale fishers who rely on fisheries for their livelihood and partake in sustainable use of marine resources.

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(2)Tim Lydon:气候变化下北冰洋海冰消失、冰川融化等正在造成全球影响。俄罗斯地理上占据了50%的全球北极海岸线,在北极科学研究中发挥着重要作用。然而由于俄乌战事和政治因素,俄罗斯科学家被禁止参加海上调查和科学会议等国际合作。这阻碍了为北极人民和整个世界提供重要信息的国际科学合作,即气候变化下对北冰洋的泛科学研究。

Tim Lydon: Disappearing sea ice, melting glaciers and other developments in Arctic regions due to climate change carry global consequeces. Russia, which controls 50 percent of the wolrd’s Arctic coastline, is a key partner in Arctic science. But due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and its political backlash, Russian scientists are being barred from international collaborations, including at-sea surveys and scientific conferences. This is disrupting the international scientific collaborations, i.e. broad scientific study in Arctic regions, that provide vital information for Arctic peoples and the world at large.

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(3)Cliff White:巴布亚新几内亚渔业协会主席Sylvester Pokajam声称其国家渔业局的指导行业监管的政策文件被外部利益集团 “劫持”,该政策文件对船队收取过高的价格,导致运营成本上升船队退出,并影响整个下游加工产业链。该政策正在削弱对改善和发展该国金枪鱼产业的努力。

Cliff White: Sylvester Pokajam, the president of Papua New Guinea’s Fishing Industry Association, is calling on his country’s government to reform its National Fisheries Authority’s (NFA) policy document, which guides its regulation of the sector. He disclaimed this policy adopted in 2013 had never been discussed or approved by the NFA from 2004 to 2014. According to him, the policy is dragging on efforts to improve and grow the country’s tuna industry.

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(4)Shreya Dasgupta:现代死亡鲸鱼被发现在海滩时,政府通常会着手清除尸体。策略包括埋葬,将其运到垃圾填埋场或焚烧场,拖到海上,甚至个别情况引爆尸体。然而古代人类,人类一直有着利用搁浅鲸鱼的历史,甚至被视为是神灵给予的食物与恩赐。而在当下研究表明,海滩上搁浅死亡的鲸类动物可以提供环境效益,包括支持食腐动物群落,如北极熊和加州兀鹰等濒危物种。如何使这些死去的动物提供最高的环境效益,我们需要一些折衷的思考。

Shreya Dasgupta: According to a latest research, stranded and dead cetaceans on beaches may offer environmental benefits including supporting communities of scavengers, such as threatened species like polar bears and California condors.

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解读 Interpretations

提高浮游生物丰度和种植海带林是海洋二氧化碳清除的两种方法,但关于它们是否可行以及推广它们应遵循何种行为准则仍存在疑问 | Daniel Poloha, Alamy 摄

(1)为基于海洋的二氧化碳移除技术寻路

Olive Heffernan: Moving the dial on ocean-based CO2 removal

最近来自美国的两份报告深入探讨了改造海洋来应对气候危机的现实问题,为基于海洋的二氧化碳移除技术寻路。其中,美国国家科学、工程和医学研究院(NASEM)发布的报告对基于海洋的二氧化碳移除法的可行性和成本进行了评估;国际非营利组织阿斯彭研究所(Aspen Institute)发布的另一份报告则呼吁为此类方法制定行为准则。

Two reports published in the US look seriously at the practicalities and responsibilities of altering the ocean to tackle the climate crisis, moving the dial on ocean-based CO2 removal. The US National Academies of Science, Technology and Medicine (NASEM) released a much-awaited report evaluating the feasibility and cost of alternative ocean-based CDR approaches. The same week, the international non-profit Aspen Institute released a separate report, calling for a code of conduct for such approaches.

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(2)“十四五”渔业规划突出养殖业重要性

Chun Zhang: China’s five-year plan for fishing focuses on aquaculture

中国计划在“十四五”期间继续提高水产养殖产量并限制捕捞产量,并强调绿色可持续是养殖、近海捕捞和远洋渔业的共同政策目标。

In its 14th Five-Year Plan period, China is set to continue to increase aquaculture output while reining in wild catch. For the fishery sector as a whole, sustainability remains the goal.

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(3)随着海上风暴加剧和疫情时代的房地产繁荣,北卡罗莱纳州外滩能否守住其海岸线?

Evan Lubofsky: With worsening storms and a COVID-era real estate boom, can the Outer Banks protect its shoreline?

气候变化导致北卡罗莱纳州外滩周围的风暴事件的频率和强度增加。同时,过去几年,疫情时代下不受办公地点限制的人们涌向外滩置办房产,导致该地区销量大热,因此外滩海岸线保护面临双重挑战。研究小组在海滩部署了数百个传感器–以跟踪风暴发生前中后的状况。这些仪器包括电流表、波浪高度传感器、沙面和湿度传感器以及地下水流量和化学传感器,记录了两个多月共75Tb的数据,对海岸线进行详细的心电图检查。

The frequency and intensity of storm events around the Outer Banks are increasing due to climate change. Meanwhile, droves of people who can now work from wherever are flocking to the Outer Banks, which have seen record-breaking real estate sales over the past few years. This means shoreline protection in the area faces a double whammy.

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(4)美国地球物理学会认为随着海洋变暖,海洋寒流正在消失

American Geophysical Union: As oceans warm, marine cold spells are disappearing

由于气候变化,现今海洋经历的寒流天数只有20世纪80年代的25%,而且寒流强度降低了15%左右。海洋热浪对海洋生物多样性影响较大,而寒流可以提供给海洋生物以抵御海洋热浪侵扰的庇护所和恢复期。较弱较少的寒流可能意味着这种庇护和恢复期正在消失。

Due to climate change, the oceans nowadays experience just 25% of the number of cold spell days they did in the 1980s, and cold spells are about 15% less intense. Weaker and fewer cold spells could mean refuges and recovery periods from marine heatwaves are disappearing.

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(5)气候变化影响须鲸捕食模式

Adelaide V. Dedden and Tracey L. Rogers: Climate change affects baleen whales through feeding patterns

须鲸(如座头鲸、南方露脊鲸)长途迁徙前必须通过充分捕食进行能量储备,因而猎物丰度或者说资源的可利用性会影响其捕食模式。而捕食资源丰度的波动与气候周期(如厄尔尼诺-南方涛动)息息相关。由于气候变化,情景预测强调未来气候周期发生的频率和强度都在增加,或将通过上述联系影响须鲸种群。

Baleen whales (e.g., humpback and southern right whales) must feed adequately to build up energy reserves before migrating long distances, and thus prey abundance, or resource availability, affects their feeding patterns. Fluctuations in prey resource abundance are closely related to climate cycles (e.g., El Niño-Southern Oscillation). Due to climate change, scenario projections emphasize that future climate cycles are occurring with increasing frequency and intensity and may affect baleen whale populations through the above linkages.

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学术 Academics

(1)【划区管理】评估中国海洋保护区的管理成效:挑战和建议

[Area-based management] Assessing the management effectiveness of China’s marine protected areas: Challenges and recommendations

人口的快速增长给脆弱的海洋生态系统带来了巨大的压力。海洋保护区(MPA)是应对这些挑战的一个广泛采用的管理工具,但其保护效果往往很难确定,尤其是在中国这样的发展中国家。管理效果评价(MEE)是评估MPA成果和确定关键影响因素的有效方法。然而,在过去20年中,针对中国的MPA只进行了有限的MEE,因此在很大程度上限制了其管理水平的提高。在这种情况下,我们对中国的MPA现状和现有的MEEs进行了全面回顾。我们发现,尽管中国MPA的数量和覆盖面有了很大的提高,但由于缺乏系统的规划、充足的资金、适当的分区、长期的监测和健全的法律,其保护效果可能受到影响。在中国评估MPA管理有效性的主要挑战包括缺乏一个标准化的框架、有限的调查数据、财政支持和公众参与。为了应对这些挑战,我们根据中国MPA的共同目标和现有的MEE框架制定了一个综合框架。我们还建议在制定的框架基础上增加如下内容:1. 在国家MPA建立长期监测试点;2. 从政府、社会资本和生态旅游方面为MEE、监测和能力建设提供持续的资金支持;3. 通过宣传、激励机制和建立委员会,促进公众参与MPA管理和评估。采纳以上建议可以加强适应性管理并提供新的见解。

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(2)【划区管理】基于对资金来源和工具的全面审查而提出的评估、改进和维持海洋保护区融资的新工具

[Area-based management] A new tool to evaluate, improve, and sustain marine protected area financing built on a comprehensive review of finance sources and instruments

长久以来,政府拨款、多边和双边援助以及慈善赠款通常被用来资助海洋保护区(MPA)的管理和执行。但新的资金机制,如影响力投资或蓝碳交易,正得到越来越多地应用和开发。本研究回顾了不同资金机制应用于任何特定MPA的适当性和相应的优势和劣势,为实施新的资金机制和提高现有机制的可持续性提供了一系列建议。该研究还确定了实施资金机制的障碍,反映了全世界MPA筹资的更广泛的系统性挑战。

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(3)【渔业管理】中国的海产品进口——不是为了国内消费?

[Fisheries management] China’s seafood imports— Not for domestic consumption?

全球海产品贸易的两个特点阻碍了促进可持续性的努力。首先,大规模进口海产品,加工后再出口(“再出口”)的做法,使海产品从“水中”到“餐桌”的追踪变得复杂,并使错误的标签成为可能。第二,“再出口”会加剧远洋捕捞(DWF,即在国际水域和其他国家的经济区捕捞)带来的问题。远洋捕捞掩盖了国内和进口海产品之间的区别,并牵涉到非法、未报告和无管制(IUU)捕捞和其他不可持续的做法。这两个特点突出了中国的关键作用,中国是世界上最大的DWF国家,也是最大的海产品生产国、消费国、出口国和进口国(按数量计算)。

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(4)【海洋保护】履行全球海洋承诺:加蓬的经验教训

 [Marine conservation] Fulfilling global marine commitments: lessons learned from Gabon

在海洋保护方面,全球海洋保护区(MPA)的覆盖率仍未达到2010年设定的10%的目标。虽然这主要是因为大量低收入和中等收入国家缺乏进展,但其中一些国家已经达到或超过了国际承诺。为了深入解释加蓬是如何实现这一目标的,本研究展示了创建国家框架、建立长期的利益相关者支持以及专注于指导实施和政策的研究的重要性。

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(5)【划区管理】重要海洋哺乳动物区网络:应对海洋哺乳动物栖息地保护危机的系统性空间规划工具

[Area-based management] The Important Marine Mammal Area Network: A Tool for Systematic Spatial Planning in Response to the Marine Mammal Habitat Conservation Crisis

重要海洋哺乳动物区(IMMAs)倡议由国际自然保护联盟的海洋哺乳动物保护区工作组于2016年发起,作为对保护海洋哺乳动物和更广泛的全球海洋生物多样性方面的保护危机的回应。IMMAs识别出对一个或多个海洋哺乳动物物种重要的且有可能被划定和管理以进行保护的离散生境部分。在2016年至2021年期间,有300多名专家参与的8个专家研讨会已经确定了173个IMMAs,这些IMMAs位于90个国家或地区,占全球三分之一。迄今确定的IMMA为131个已识别的海洋哺乳动物物种中的58个提供了重要的栖息地。所有IMMAs中约有三分之二(65%)是根据世界自然保护联盟红色名录中受威胁的海洋哺乳动物物种的重要生境而确定的。IMMA表面积的约61%位于专属经济区水域,另外39%则位于国家管辖范围以外。

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(6)【蓝色经济】海洋资源利用:建设沿海蓝色经济

[Blue economy] Ocean resource use: building the coastal blue economy

本研究利用新西兰和缅甸三角洲地区的案例,展示了促进从 “一切照旧”(BAU)到符合可持续发展目标(SDGs)和联合国“2021-2030年国际海洋科学促进可持续发展十年”的障碍、路径和行动。本研究的建议可以指导利益相关方和全球各国以公平和公正的方式,与直接依赖沿海生态系统的社区合作,实现海洋环境的可持续利用、养护和保护。

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其他资料 Other resources

(1)【海洋保护】邂逅海洋:南极洲!

[Marine conservation] Ocean Encounters: Antarctica!

纪录片/Documentary


(2)【渔业管理】欧盟打击非法、不报告和不管制渔业(IUU渔业)的方案产生了积极效果

[Fisheries management] EU scheme to tackle illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing brings positive results and empowers nations

报告/Report


(3)【渔业管理】上海渔业海洋垃圾研究报告(2021)

[Fisheries management] Research Report of Fishery Marine Debris in Shanghai

报告/Report


(4)【蓝色经济】清洁海洋与蓝色经济|综述2022

[Blue economy] Clean Oceans and the Blue Economy | Overview 2022

报告/Report


活动 Events

>>预告 Upcoming Events

(1)2022年6月9日 网络研讨会 海洋新奇指数:为海洋保护区管理探测创新条件

2022.6.9  Webinar  The ONo Index: Detecting novel ocean conditions for MPA management

详情/Detail


(2)2022年4月22日 网络研讨会 深海采矿:让议题浮出水面

2022.4.22  Webinar  Deep Sea Mining: Bringing the Issues to the Surfaces

详情/Detail


(3)2022年5月24-27日 会议 2021世界水产大会

2022.5.24-27  Conference  World Aquaculture 2021

详情/Detail


>>回顾 Recordings

(1)2022年3月18-19日 会议 杜克大学 | 蓝色经济峰会

2022.3.18-19  Conference  Duke University | Blue Economy Summit

详情/Detail


(2)2022年3月10日 网络研讨会 UNEP FI | 潜心探索:金融、海洋污染和沿海韧性

2022.3.10  Webinar  UNEP FI | Diving Deep: Finance, Ocean Pollution and Coastal Resilience

详情/Detail


(3)2022年2月17日 网络研讨会 UNEP FI | 可持续蓝色金融:从指引到实践

2022.2.17  Webinar  UNEP FI | Sustainable Blue Finance: from Guidance to Practice

详情/Detail


>>其他 Others

本快讯两周更新一期,往期内容可以查看这里。如果您在快讯内容或形式上有任何意见或建议,欢迎发邮件至ocean@ghub.org告诉我们,也欢迎您将《蓝色脉搏》推荐给同事和朋友


题图:海洋保护会谈必须包括人权 | Mongabay 制