导语 Introduction
关键点一
气候变化和应对气候变化的行动在影响着水产行业,本期“解读”版块讨论了气候变化对捕捞渔业的影响以及海上可再生能源开发与渔业之间可能存在的冲突。而在水产行业中应对气候变化是全球面临的挑战。在本期“时讯”中可以看到,智利最大的三文鱼生产商在其部分三文鱼的生产中实现了碳中和。实际上智利三文鱼养殖的碳盘查工作2018年就已经开始了。近年在“双碳目标”的引导下,“渔业碳汇”的讨论也受到了一定的关注。智利三文鱼养殖碳中和给我们的启示是,在推进不同类型的“渔业碳汇”的方法学开发的同时,应用成熟的碳盘查工具把水产养殖企业的碳账户建立起来也是迈向碳中和的坚实步伐。
Highlight
Climate change and action to address it are affecting the seafood industry, and this issue’s ‘Interpretation’ section discusses the impact of climate change on capture fisheries and the potential conflicts between offshore renewable energy development and fisheries. On the other hand, tackling climate change in the aquaculture sector is a global challenge. In the ‘News’ section, it is noted that Chile’s largest salmon producer has achieved carbon neutrality in some of its salmon production. In fact, a carbon inventory of Chilean salmon farming began in 2018. In recent years there has also been some interest in the discussion of “carbon sinks in fisheries”, guided by the Chinese national carbon targets. The lesson learned from the Chilean salmon farming carbon neutrality is that, while promoting the development of methodologies for different types of ‘fisheries carbon sinks’, the application of proven carbon inventory tools to set up carbon accounts for aquaculture enterprises is also a solid step towards carbon neutrality.
时讯 News
(1)很多海洋生物的分布范围随着海洋条件的变化而变化,为了更好的促进渔业管理的科学决策和对海洋生物的整体认知,美国海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)发布了一个新的工具来更好地追踪鱼类的位置和运动轨迹。
The ranges of many marine species vary with changing ocean conditions, and to better facilitate scientific decisions about fisheries management and overall knowledge of marine species, NOAA Fisheries has launched a new tool to better track the location and movement of fish. Through this tool, we can better address future climate change and advance this field.
(2)海洋管理委员会(MSC)决定将MSC认证的可持续海产品销售额中的5%投入到全球渔业的可持续性改进中去,将近100万美元的资助将支持来自12个国家的渔业从业组织、科学家、非政府组织和学生,其中一半的经费投入在发展中国家的可持续渔业。
The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) decided to redirect 5% of sales of MSC-certified sustainable seafood in the cause of sustainability in global fisheries. Approximately $1 million in grants were awarded to fisheries, scientists, NGOs and students from 12 countries, with half of the funding going to support sustainable fisheries in developing countries.
(3)智利最大的三文鱼生产商AquaChile在其Verlasso三文鱼的生产中实现了碳中和。该公司与可持续发展咨询公司Green Ticket合作,通过测量碳足迹并在农场、种植中心和工业厂房等不同区域实施节能改造,最终实现了生产端碳中和。
AquaChile, the largest salmon producer in Chile, has achieved carbon neutrality in the production of its Verlasso Salmon. The company worked with sustainability consultancy Green Ticket to achieve this carbon neutrality on the production side by measuring carbon footprint and implementing energy-saving retrofits in various areas, such as the farm, growing center and industrial plant.
(4)亚速尔群岛的渔业实现了塑料中和,亚速尔群岛金枪鱼和相关生产者协会(APASA)的船队在2021年幽灵渔具回收比赛中一举回收了452.1公斤的海洋塑料垃圾,中和掉了该年度产生的塑料垃圾。
The Azores fishery has achieved plastic neutrality. Fleet from Associação de Produtores de Atum e Similares dos Açores (APASA) has perfectly reached its goal of achieving plastic neutrality by retrieving 452.1 kilograms of plastic waste in the 2021 ghost gear retrieval In the 2021 Ghost Gear Retrieval Competition.
观点 Perspectives
(1)Surangel S. Whipps, Jr. and John F. Kerry: 人类必须努力使航运业脱碳,扩大近海可再生能源的规模,争取用近海可再生能源取代燃煤发电;我们必须保护和恢复如盐沼、海草草甸和红树林这样的蓝碳生态系统,保护海岸线免受气候影响;同时,世界各国应该为即将召开的海洋保护会议做充足的准备和宣传,以此来创造一个更清洁的地球。
Surangel S. Whipps, Jr. and John F. Kerry: Humankind must work together to decarbonize the shipping sector and expand offshore renewable energy to replace coal-fired power; we must protect and restore blue carbon ecosystems such as salt marshes, seagrass meadows and mangrove forests to protect coastlines from climate impacts; and countries around the world should prepare and advocate for the upcoming marine conservation conference in order to create a cleaner planet.
(2)Julie Packard:湿地和海草林可以吸收温室气体,保护沿海社区,增加鱼类栖息地,增加生物多样性。加州自然资源局通过恢复和保护沿海栖息地的水下的鳗草草场、沿海湿地来应对气候变化带来的问题,向实现碳固存、繁荣的鱼类和野生动物种群和更具弹性的沿海社区的三赢局面迈出了重要的一步。
Julie Packard: Wetlands and kelp forests can absorb greenhouse gases, protect coastal communities, enhance fish habitat, and increase the biodiversity. California Natural Resources Agency is taking an important step toward the triple win situation of carbon sequestration, thriving fish and wildlife populations, and more resilient coastal communities by restoring and protecting underwater eelgrass meadows and wetlands in coastal habitats to address the problems posed by climate change.
(3)Madhushree Chatterjee:海岸与海洋生态系统不仅保护人类免受风暴和洪水侵袭,还可以提高生物多样性、增加碳储存量和自然降解环境污染。除了这些价值之外,在经济层面上海洋资源及相关产业的市场价值约占全球GDP的5%。人类的发展与海洋开发休戚相关,我们在依赖海洋生存的同时,必须保障海洋生态系统的稳定与健康,通过可持续的蓝色经济来保护海洋。
Madhushree Chatterjee:Coastal and marine ecosystems not only protect humans from storms and floods, but also provide habitat for biodiversity, carbon storage and detoxification. In addition to these values, the market value of marine resources and related industries at the economic level is about 5% of global GDP. Human development and ocean development are closely related, and we need to rely on the ocean for survival while ensuring the stability and health of the ocean ecosystem and protecting the ocean through a sustainable blue economy.
(4)Johnny Briggs: 过去十年中,各国建立了众多海洋保护区(MPA)来禁止人类的破坏性活动,但是海洋生物多样性还是以前所未有的速度在下降。环境保护人士倡议,我们应该使用区域MPA网络来连接海洋保护区,这些“生物走廊”可以充当安全通道的作用,为区域合作、良好治理、公平管理、可持续的长期融资以及有效的监测和执行建立基础。
Johnny Briggs: Over the past decade, many marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established to prohibit destructive human activities, but marine biodiversity is still declining at an unprecedented rate. Conservationists advocate that we use regional MPA networks to connect MPAs. These “biological corridors” can serve as safe passges that build the foundation for regional collaboration, good governance, equitable management, sustainable long-term financing, and effective monitoring and enforcement.
解读 Interpretations
(1)Mark A. Grace: 海洋渔业研究是否会破坏海洋生态系统?
Mark A. Grace: Should Marine Fisheries Research Damage Marine Ecosystems?
美国国家海洋和大气管理局、国家海洋渔业局(NOAA/NMFS)在美国墨西哥湾一年进行两次底拖网调查,在底拖网作业中,生物和其栖息地可能会面临不可修复地损伤或死亡风险,有时候,不可降解的底拖网渔具也会被丢弃在海底。科学研究表明,海底动物栖息地对人为的压力非常敏感,诸如此类的调查活动可能对保护脆弱的栖息地和生态系统有负面影响。
NOAA and NMFS conduct bottom trawl surveys twice a year in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, where live sea bottom habitats and associated fauna may be irreparably damaged or killed during operations, and sometimes non-degradable bottom trawl gear is discarded on the seafloor. Scientific studies have shown that live sea bottom habitats are very sensitive to perceived stresses, and survey activities such as these may have a negative impact on the protection of vulnerable habitats and ecosystems.
(2)Elizabeth Devitt: 机器人革命:新型海洋碳实时核算系统
Robot revolution: A new real-time accounting system for ocean carbon
为了研究海洋碳储存和释放方面的问题,研究人员部署了一个由数以千计的机器人浮筒组成的系统。这些机器人浮筒配备了复杂的生物地球化学传感器,为检测海洋碳排放和建立气候模型提供了更准确的衡量方法,为海洋二氧化碳清楚计划提供更准确的评估手段。
To study ocean carbon storage and release, researchers have deployed a system of thousands of robotic floats. Equipped with sophisticated biogeochemical sensors, these robotic floats provide a more accurate measure for detecting ocean carbon emissions and building climate models, providing a more detailed means of assessing ocean carbon dioxide clarity programs.
(3)周辰:限制远洋鱿钓船队规模,中国升级鱿鱼资源养护措施
Zhou Chen: Limiting the size of the ocean-going squid fishing fleet, China upgrades conservation measures for squid resources
继2020年7月在东南太平洋和西南大西洋公海部分海域启动年度自主休渔后,中国再次升级公海鱿鱼资源养护措施:从今年4月1日起的未来一年内,中国开始对包括东南太平洋和西南大西洋在内的5个鱿鱼渔场试行渔船总量限制管理。中国在原则上不再扩大公海作业鱿钓渔船规模,为公海鱿鱼资源的可持续发展承担必要的责任。
Following the launch of the annual autonomous fishing moratorium in July 2020 in parts of the Southeast Pacific and Southwest Atlantic, China has once again upgraded its conservation measures for high seas squid resources: starting from April 1 this year, China has started to manage the total number of fishing vessels on a trial basis in five squid fishing grounds, including the Southeast Pacific and Southwest Atlantic. In principle, China will no longer expand the scale of squid fishing vessels operating on the high seas, taking the necessary responsibility for the sustainable development of high seas squid resources.
(4)Eric Schwaab, Rod Fujita and Jacqui Vogel: 气候变化正在导致渔业问题,但是我们可以解决这些问题。
Eric Schwaab, Rod Fujita and Jacqui Vogel: Climate change is causing fishery problems, but we can solve them.
气候变化导致世界各地鱼类的栖息地发生改变,这种变化导致了渔业管理区管辖范围和鱼类实际栖息地之间的矛盾,随之而来的是更多的非法捕捞、过度捕捞的问题。世界各国需要加强国际合作,及时的采用更灵活的分配系统、动态空间管理、海洋观测系统来阻止情况进一步恶化。
Climate change has led to changes in the habitat of fish around the world, and such changes have led to conflicts between the jurisdictional limits of fishery management zones and the actual habitat of fish, with the consequent increase in illegal fishing and overfishing. Countries around the world need to strengthen international cooperation and adopt more flexible allocation systems, dynamic spatial management, and ocean observation systems in a timely manner to stop the situation from deteriorating further.
(5)Paul Richards: 海上风机会影响捕鱼业吗?
Paul Richards: Do Offshore Wind Turbines Impact Fishing
随着有效利用海上风力的成本迅速下降,美国能源部计划筹备在美国海岸建造多个风电场来提供清洁能源。但是渔民们担心大型工程的兴建会导致他们的渔场和捕鱼设备受到损害和破坏。渔民们担心自己会被迫改变习以为常的生活方式。风力产业的负责人在回应这一质疑时声称:“浮式风机”技术可能会彻底打消渔民们的顾虑。
With the cost of efficiently harnessing offshore wind power falling sharply, the U.S. Department of Energy is planning for the construction of multiple wind farms off the U.S. coast to provide clean energy. But fishermen are concerned that the construction of large projects will lead to damage to their fishing equipment and destruction of fishing grounds, and fears that fishermen will be forced to change their way of life have also been increasing rapidly. In response to this concern, wind-industry heads claim that an emerging technology called “floating turbines” may iron out fishermen’s worries.
学术 Academics
(1)【海洋治理】展望未来的海洋:顾虑和机会
[Ocean Governance] Foresighting future oceans: Considerations and opportunities
为了应对气候变化、过度开发、污染和其他压力对海洋环境和相关系统造成的威胁,应该超越被动的、守旧的对策,在危机出现之前主动对其进行预判和规划。预警性展望在设计和塑造公平和可持续的海洋未来的过程中具有相当大的潜力,主动展望未来包括几个关键层面:对未来进行预测、包容性以及跨学科和跨领域,这为人类在中长期的不确定的未来中找到合理的、可能的解决方案提供了基础。
To address the threats to the marine environment and related systems from climate change, overexploitation, pollution and other pressures, researchers claim that it is crucial to move beyond reactive responses to proactively anticipate and plan for crises before they arise. Foresighting work has considerable potential to imagine and shape an equitable and sustainable ocean. Proactive foresight includes several key dimensions: futures literacy, inclusiveness, and interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity, which provide the basis for finding reasonable and possible solutions for humanity in an uncertain future in the medium to long term.
(2)【海洋治理】针对COVID-19时代而设计的低延迟人类与海洋交互的监测框架
[Ocean Governance] A framework for mapping and monitoring human-ocean interactions in near real-time during COVID-19 and beyond
新冠疫情在全球范围内的蔓延为观察和分析海洋系统、气候变化造成了障碍,研究人员通过新的电子海洋平台来消弭疫情对科学研究的阻碍。科学家们通过网络合作,以近乎实时的方式检测海洋,这不仅是科学家们对社会新常态的适应和转变,还为打破学术界、政府和海上利益相关者之间的隔阂创造了有力模式和条件,这可能对打造一个更强大、更民主的蓝色经济有着深远影响。
The spread of the COVID-19 epidemic around the world has created barriers to observing and analyzing marine systems and climate change. Researchers are using new eOceans platforms to dissipate the epidemic’s impediments to scientific research. Scientists collaborating online to monitor the ocean in near real-time is not only an adaptation and transformation of the new normal, but also creates a powerful model and advantageous conditions for breaking down the barriers between academia, governments and at-sea stakeholders, which could have far-reaching implications for creating a stronger and more democratic blue economy.
(3)【渔业管理】揭示虐待劳工和非法、未报告、无管制捕捞的风险
[Fishery Management] Revealing global risks of labor abuse and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing
渔船上的劳工虐待和非法、未报告、无管制的捕捞(IUU)侵犯了人权,危害了粮食安全,并剥夺了合法渔民和政府的收入。研究人员整合了利用卫星信息得到的最新数据来明确劳工虐待和IUU捕鱼的风险性,并确定其主要的驱动因素。为了有效减少虐待劳工和IUU捕鱼的危害,全球各国应该协调合作,在船舶在港的时间里进行足够时间的检测,以此避免危害转移到其它领域。
Labor abuse on fishing vessels and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing violate human rights, jeopardize food security, and deprive governments of revenues. Researchers integrated the latest data obtained using satellite information to clarify the risks of labor abuse and IUU fishing and to identify its main drivers. In order to effectively reduce the hazards of labor abuse and IUU fishing, countries around the world should coordinate and collaborate to avoid the transfer of hazards to other areas by detecting vessels for a sufficient amount of time while they are in port.
(4)【蓝色经济】渔场足迹和经济自由指数:来自亚太地区的证据
[Blue Economy] Fishing grounds footprint and economic freedom indexes: Evidence from Asia-Pacific
通过研究2000年至2017年期间亚太地区的17个地区的数据,研究人员试图阐明渔业部门生态足迹与九个经济自由度指标之间的关联性,为提供渔业资源的管理提供不同的维度。研究结果显示,库兹涅茨曲线(Kuznets curve)假说在渔场生态足迹中得到证实:人均GDP的增长显示出正向和显著的影响,其他控制变量包括自然资源租金、城市化和能源强度,对渔场生态足迹没有显示出明显的影响但是它们在总经济自由指数中的累积效应对渔业生态足迹有积极影响。结果还显示,政府诚信、税收负担、商业自由、货币自由指数对渔业生态足迹有积极影响,而贸易自由和投资自由指数通过揭示对渔业生态足迹的负面影响,表明其对减少各国水生资源的压力具有有益的环境效应。
By studying 17 data from the Asia-Pacific region between 2000 and 2017, the researchers sought to elucidate the correlation between the ecological footprint in the fishing sector and nine economic freedom indicators, providing different dimensions for providing management of fisheries resources. The results of the study show that the Kuznets curve hypothesis is confirmed in the fishing grounds footprint – the growth of GDP per capita shows a positive and significant effect. Other control variables, including natural resource rents, urbanization and energy intensity do not show significant effects on the fishing grounds footprint, but their cumulative effects in the total economic freedom index have a positive impact on the fishing footprint. The results also show that government integrity, tax burden, business freedom, and monetary freedom indices have a positive effect on the fishing footprint, while the trade freedom and investment freedom indices show a beneficial environmental effect on reducing the pressure on aquatic resources in each country by revealing a negative.
(5)【技术与工具】对世界上最大的鱼类种群进行长期监测的必要性
[Techs & Tools] The need for long-term population monitoring of the world’s largest fish
许多大型海洋物种(比如鲸鲨)因为其长寿、重捕率低、捕获概率的个体异质性高而导致捕获-标记-重补(CMR)模型使用起来十分困难,但是研究人员发现通过CMR模型来评估坦桑尼亚马菲亚岛附近的鲸鲨的结果十分理想,并且不同的CMR模型都趋于显示相同的结果。结果显示该区域的鲸鲨种群具有高存活率和有限度的增长,这表明了其具有稳定的种群趋势。在未来几十年里,还需要进行预防性管理和长期预测来协助和记录这一物种的恢复。
Many large marine species, such as whale sharks Rhincodon typus, are difficult to monitor with capture-mark-recapture(CMR) models because of their longevity, low recapture rates, and high individual heterogeneity in capture probabilities, but researchers found that assessing whale sharks off Mafia Island, Tanzania, through CMR models yielded promising results, and that different CMR models tended to show the same results. The results showed that the whale shark population in the region has a high survival rate and limited recruitment, which indicates a stable population trend. Preventive management and long-term projections will be needed to assist and document the recovery of this species in the coming decades.
(6)【气候与海洋】地表变暖引起的全球上层洋流的加速
[Climate & Ocean] Surface warming–induced global acceleration of upper ocean currents
人们对海洋环流在气候变暖的情况下是如何改变的知之甚少,研究人员通过将问题分解为海面温度、盐度和风的变化的不同反应,为调查海洋环流变化提供了可靠的、明晰的思路。研究结果表明,海洋表面温度变暖是其变化的一大特征,垂直分层的增加加剧了亚热带上层的涡流和赤道洋流的温度,而南大洋上升流区和北部地区的差异性变暖加速了南大洋的表面带状洋流。相比之下,风压应力和表层盐度的变化只影响区域的洋流系统。
People know very little about how ocean circulation changes in accordance with warming climate. Regarding this situation, researchers provide a reliable and clear idea for investigating ocean circulation changes by breaking the problem down into different sectors – changes in sea surface temperature, salinity and wind. The results show that warming of the ocean surface temperature is a major feature of its changes, with increased vertical stratification intensifying the temperature of the upper subtropical gyres and equatorial currents, while differential warming in the Southern Ocean upwelling zone and region to the north accelerates surface zonal currents in the Southern Ocean. In contrast, changes in wind pressure stress and surface salinity affect only the regional current system.
其他资料 Other resources
(1)欧洲投资银行集团: 清洁的海洋和蓝色经济2022年概览
European Investment Bank Group: Clean oceans and the blue economy OVERVIEW 2022
(2)皮尤慈善信托基金会:海洋,人类,星球。
New Pew Series: Ocean, People, Planet
(3)欧盟基于生态系统的管理(EBM)可行方案项目:在实践中应用EBM的方法
An approach to implement operational ecosystem-based management
(4)全球渔业观察:东南太平洋远洋鱿鱼捕捞船队的分析
Analysis of the Southeast Pacific Distant Water Squid Fleet
活动 Events
>>预告 Upcoming Events
(1)2022.5.17 网络研讨会 运用行为学观点来改进海洋保护工作
2022.5.17 Webinar Applying Behavioral Insights to Improve Marine Conservation
(2)2022.5.25 网络研讨会 蓝色食品:利用市场营销的力量来推动可持续海产运动
2022.5.25 Webinar Fed By Blue: Using the Power of Marketing to Advance the Sustainable Seafood Movement
>>回顾 Recordings
(1)2022.4.15 网络研讨会 CEGA沙龙 | (滨海)湿地与气候变化
2022.4.15 Webinar CEGA Salon | (Binhai)Wetlands and Climate Change
(2)2022.4.21 网络研讨会 我们的海洋:对蓝色经济的深层探索
2022.4.21 Webinar Our oceans: A deep dive on the Blue Economy
(3)2022.4.25 网络研讨会 世界海洋和当代的挑战:历史的视角
2022.4.25 Webinar World oceans and contemporary challenges: An historical perspective
>>其他 Others
本快讯两周更新一期,往期内容可以查看这里。如果您在快讯内容或形式上有任何意见或建议,欢迎发邮件至ocean@ghub.org告诉我们,也欢迎您将《蓝色脉搏》推荐给同事和朋友。
感谢实习同事朱涵青对本期快讯的贡献。
题图:鲨鱼和其他迁徙的海洋物种将受益于海洋中的长距离的保护走廊 | Bernard Radvaner/Getty