导语 Introduction
关键点一
第二届联合国海洋大会经过一周的讨论后，于7月1日在葡萄牙里斯本落下帷幕。6000多名与会者出席了会议，其中包括24位国家元首和政府首脑，以及2000名民间社会代表。大会的最后宣言中，各国领导人认识到迄今为止“未能通过集体行动实现与海洋相关的目标”。在会议中，100多个成员国自愿承诺在2030内年通过海洋保护区来养护或保护至少30%的全球海洋。对于重新燃起的希望和紧迫感，联合国负责法律事务的副秘书长米格尔•德塞尔帕•苏亚雷斯表示受到了鼓舞。他说：“当我们离开时，我们必须履行我们的承诺。”本期时讯版块收录了中国代表团的参会信息。大会中讨论的具体内容我们将会在下期集中呈现。
Highlight 1
Following a week of discussions and events in Lisbon, Portugal, the second UN Ocean Conference (UNOC) concluded on Friday. More than 6,000 participants, including 24 Heads of State and Government, and over 2,000 representatives of civil society attended the Conference. Recognizing a “collective failure to achieve Ocean related targets” so far, leaders renewed their commitment to take urgent action and to cooperate at all levels, to fully achieve targets as soon as possible. At the conference, more than 150 Member States made voluntary commitments to conserve or protect at least 30 percent of the global ocean within Marine Protected Areas, and other effective area-based conservation measures, by 2030. Encouraged by a renewed sense of hope and urgency about our future ocean, the UN Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs, Miguel de Serpa Soares concluded: “as we leave, we must follow up on our commitments”. The news section of this issue includes the participation of the Chinese delegation. In the next issue, we will present the key discussions took place in the UNOC.
关键点二
RFMOs在管理和养护公海渔业资源的工作中至关重要，但社会各界对其能力的怀疑也与日俱增，很多组织认为其未能阻止渔业资源的枯竭和海洋生态系统的退化。为了应对这些质疑和挑战，RFMOs必须不断地提升其管理水平。例如国际大西洋金枪鱼养护委员会（ICCAT）过去的不作为，就招致了金枪鱼产业很多利益相关方的不满。专家学者呼吁其加强事先商定的、基于科学的捕捞策略的制定。而产业界人士则呼吁让影响力更大的海产品公司等参与到RFMOs的公司代表团中，可以弥补行业和非政府组织之间的差距，让市场提出自己的合理诉求来支持他们的业务。本期的解读版块有多篇文章详细讨论了这些观点。
Highlight 2
RFMOs are significant in the management and conservation of high seas fisheries resources, however, the international society gradually doubts their ability. Many organizations believe that RFMOs have failed to prevent the depletion of fish stocks and the degradation of marine ecosystems. To respond to these challenges and suspicions, RFMOs must continually improve their management capacity. The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas's (ICCAT) nonfeasance in the past has invited dissatisfactions from many stakeholders in the tuna sector, who are calling for better pre-agreed, science-based decisions for stability in the tuna supply chain. Besides, the experts from the industry believed that, by involving the larger seafood industry in the RFMO delegations of companies, the gap can be bridged between the industry and non-governmental organizations, presenting a major opportunity for the market to have their own voice heard to support their businesses. The articles in the Interpretation section discuss these views in detail.
时讯 News
（1）在2022年联合国海洋大会上，中国政府特使、自然资源部总工程师张占海率团与会。中国代表高度评价了本次大会聚焦以科学和创新为基础寻求解决方案，推进联合国2030年可持续发展议程的实施。为响应大会对自愿承诺的号召，中国政府提出多项承诺。除此之外，张占海表示，未来，中国还将围绕气候变化、绿色发展、数字经济等重点领域，多实施一些惠及民生的项目。
At the 2022 UN Ocean Conference, Zhang Zhanhai, Special Envoy of the Chinese government and Chief Engineer of the Ministry of Natural Resources, led the Chinese delegation to the conference. The Chinese delegate spoke highly of the Conference's focus on science and innovation-based solutions to advance the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In response to the conference's call for voluntary commitments, the Chinese government made a number of pledges. In addition, Zhang said that in the future, China will also focus on climate change, green development, digital economy, and other key areas, and implement more projects that benefit people's livelihood.
（2）今年六月，世界银行集团国际金融公司（IFC）与青岛银行达成合作，为青岛银行提供了1.5亿美元的蓝色银团贷款。这是IFC在中国的首笔蓝色金融投资，其资金专门用于服务海洋友好的发展项目和重要的清洁水资源保护项目。此次合作有望联合推动蓝色金融业务发展，引领全球海洋生态环境的保护和海洋经济的可持续发展。
In June, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which belongs to the World Bank Group, achieved cooperation with the Bank of Qingdao to provide a $150 million blue syndicated loan. This is IFC's first blue finance investment in China, and its funds are dedicated to serving ocean-friendly projects and important clean water conservation projects. This cooperation is expected to jointly promote the development of the blue finance business and lead the protection of the global marine ecosystem and sustainable development of the marine economy.
（3）纳米比亚周四在斯瓦科普蒙德启动了一项关于小型渔业的国家项目，目标是建设有韧性的小型渔业系统，实现可持续的自然资源利用、共同治理和切实可行的渔业社区。鉴于渔业部门是该国GDP的第三大贡献者，该项目将在社会经济增长和经济转型中发挥重要作用。
Namibia launched a national program on small-scale fisheries in Swakopmund, which is called the National Plan of Action – Small Scale Fisheries (NPOA-SFF). Its primary goal is to build resilient small-scale fisheries systems together and work towards sustainable natural resource utilization, co-governance, and viable communities. Given that the fishing sector is the third-largest contributor in Namibia's GDP, this plan will play an important role in socio-economic growth and economic tran1sformation.
（4）自2021年，关于东白令海雪蟹的调查显示，被发现的的雌性雪蟹减少了99%，导致雪蟹种群减少的最有可能的结果是白令海几年来经历的反常的高温。研究人员声称，在所有解释高死亡率的模型中，高温似乎是最密切相关的。为了恢复雪蟹种群，联邦管理人员与科学家和渔民一起，正在制定一项帮助重建该种群的计划。
In the Eastern Bering Sea, 99% fewer female snow crabs showed up in the survey from 2021. The most likely result of this is the abnormally high temperatures that the Bering Sea has experienced for several years. Researchers claimed that, of all the models to explain the high mortality, high temperatures seemed to correlate best. In order to restore its stocks, federal managers, along with scientists and fishermen, are working on a plan to help rebuild the stock.
观点 Perspectives
（1）Liz Karen: 南非是第一个庆祝海洋保护区日的国家，因为公海确实与非洲渔民的生计息息相关。常驻联合国代表Mathu Joyini大使认为，必须找到创造性的方法，将科学与几个世纪以来传承的原住民的海洋知识融合起来。她还表示应支持对海洋资源的公平获取，因为这有助于确保非洲国家和其他发展中国家能够充分参与新公海条约的实施。
Liz Karen: The reason why South Africa was the first country to celebrate Marine Protected Area (MPA) Day was that what happens on the high seas does impact the livelihoods of their fishers. Ambassador Mathu Joyini, the permanent representative to the UN, believed that it is vital to find creative ways of merging science with indigenous people's systems of knowledge that have worked for centuries. She also stated that the “equitable access” to marine resources should be supported and will be instrumental in ensuring that, African nations, along with other developing countries, will be able to participate fully in the implementation of the new high seas treaty.
（2）Elizabeth Fitt: 世贸组织经过20年的谈判，终于就解决有害的渔业补贴造成的损害达成协议，然而，这项协议仍然将许多关键问题留给了未来的谈判——世贸组织的164个成员国推迟了对某些补贴的处理，因为在这方面的共识被证明在目前是难以达成的。WTO有望在不远的将来，就剩余的未竟事宜，包括产能过剩和过度捕捞问题，达成一项关于渔业补贴的全面协议。
Elizabeth Fitt: WTO finally agreed on a deal to address the damage caused by "harmful" government fisheries subsidies that are damaging the marine environment after 20 years of negotiations. However, this agreement still tables key bits for future negotiations. WTO's 164 member states put off dealing with certain subsidies where agreement proved elusive. It is hoped that an agreement on the remaining outstanding issues, including overcapacity and overfishing, will achieve a comprehensive agreement on fisheries subsidies.
（3）Jane Steinmetz: 全球企业必须认识到蓝色经济的重要性，承认开发海洋的危险，并承认我们有责任不惜一切代价保护海洋。现在的政府机构和非政府组织正积极与科技公司合作，为突破性的技术和海洋科学提供资金。作者认为，商业领袖应该在发展蓝色经济方面身先士卒，加大投资支持海洋保护的项目和组织。
Jane Steinmetz: Companies worldwide must recognize the importance of the blue economy, acknowledge the danger of exploiting the ocean, and admit that it is our duty to protect it at all costs. Governmental agencies and NGOs nowadays are actively working with tech companies, offering funding for game-changing technologies and ocean science. Business leaders should take a voluntary role in strengthening the blue economy, and invest in programs and coalitions that support marine conservation.
（4）Ecology Action Centre: 许多非政府组织对海洋管理委员会（MSC）认证项目的渔业标准的拟议修订中存在的重大缺陷表示担忧，他们认为最新的提议并没有能够支持其一以贯之的可持续发展目标，且打破了其过往只认证可持续海产品的承诺。 这会导致利益相关者的生计的严重受损，危害本就已经濒危的海洋物种。目前的MSC渔业标准审查于2018年开始，现在已经进入最后阶段。
Ecology Action Centre: Many NGO groups have expressed concern about significant flaws in the proposed revisions to the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification program's fisheries standards. They believed that the latest revisions failed to support its all-time sustainable development goal, which they see as a break with its previous commitment to certify only sustainable seafood. This could lead to serious damage to stakeholders' livelihoods and jeopardize already endangered marine species. The current review of the MSC Fisheries Standard, which began in 2018 and is now in its final stages.
解读 Interpretations
（1）SeafoodSource: RFMOs是什么？是否真正保护了公海渔业种群？
SeafoodSource: RFMOs – What are they and are they enough to protect high-seas fish stocks?
区域渔业管理组织（RFMO）是由在某一区域或高度洄游物种中拥有捕捞利益的国家组成的国际组织。目前世界上有17个RFMOs，管辖范围覆盖了世界上大约91%的海洋。虽然RFMOs管理着大部分公海，但许多组织认为他们未能防止鱼类资源的日渐枯竭和海洋生态系统的退化。为了恢复国际社会对RFMOs信心，一些利益相关方正在合作制定建议，以提升RFMOs在未来的表现。
RFMOs are international organizations and arrangements formed by countries with fishing interests in a geographical area or a highly migratory species. There are 17 RFMOs, of which cover about 91 percent of the world's oceans. RFMOs cover a majority of high seas, however, many organizations believe that RFMOs have failed to prevent the depletion of fish stocks and degradation of marine ecosystems. In order to restore confidence, some stakeholders are working collaboratively to develop proposals to improve the performance of RFMOs.
（2）SeafoodSource: 缺乏有效RFMOs管理的金枪鱼渔业危害美国商业实体
SeafoodSource: Lack of effective RFMO management of tuna fisheries threatening US commercial entities
上文所提到诸多的RFMO中，有五个专门管理金枪鱼的区域渔业管理组织，国际社会期望他们能够制定捕捞策略、捕捞配额、种群重建计划，并收集参与非法、未报告和无管制（IUU）捕捞的船只数据。然而，从历史上看，他们的工作并不是十分有效。缺乏捕捞策略阻碍了RFMO采取可持续发展的手段。长期的缺乏规则对美国商业实体造成了损害，因此美国代表团的观点集中在养护管理措施上。
The five RFMOs that are focused on tuna are expected to develop harvest strategies, fishing quotas, and stock-rebuilding plans, and collect data on vessels deemed to be involved in illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. However, historically, they have not been very effective at their job. The lack of harvest strategies is impeding the RFMO's movement towards the adoption of sustainable practices, and because of the damage it has caused to US commercial entities, The U.S. delegation's viewpoint was focused on the conservation management measures.
（3）SeafoodSource: RFMOs基于共识的决策系统未能提供可持续的渔业管理
SeafoodSource: RFMOs' consensus-based decision-making system failing to provide sustainable fisheries management
国际大西洋金枪鱼养护委员会（ICCAT）过去的不作为招致了金枪鱼产业许多利益相关者的不满，他们呼吁为金枪鱼供应链的稳定作出更好的事先商定的、基于科学的决定。博尔顿食品集团呼吁ICCAT批准管理金枪鱼捕捞和针对金枪鱼捕捞者的明确规则，敦促对包括大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼在内的ICCAT管理的种群实施基于科学的捕捞策略。
The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas's (ICCAT) nonfeasance in the past has invited dissatisfactions from many stakeholders in the tuna sector, who are calling for better pre-agreed, science-based decisions for stability in the tuna supply chain. Bolton Food Group has called for ICCAT to approve clear rules governing tuna fishing and tuna fishers. Many organizations and stakeholders are urging the implementation of science-based harvest strategies for the stocks the ICCAT manages, including Atlantic bluefin tuna.
（4）SeafoodSource: 海鲜行业形成影响RFMO决策的方法
SeafoodSource: Seafood industry forming methods to influence RFMO decisions
北大西洋远洋渔业倡导小组 (NAPA) 是一个包括了53家零售商和供应链企业的团体，他们呼吁对全球渔业进行更好的管理。其创立的“政策渔业改进项目”正在呼吁沿海国家抛开政治障碍，在既定的科学基础上达成一致，作为今后设定配额的基础。专家认为，通过让影响力更大的海产品行业参与到区域渔业管理组织的公司代表团中，可以弥补行业和非政府组织之间的差距，让市场提出自己的合理诉求来支持他们的业务。
North Atlantic Pelagic Advocacy Group (NAPA) is a collective of 53 retailers and supply chain businesses that have called for better management of global fisheries. The "policy FIP" that NEAFC has established is calling for coastal states to put aside political barriers and agree on the established science as a basis for setting quotas moving forward. Experts believed that, by involving the larger seafood industry in the RFMO delegations of companies, the gap can be bridged between the industry and non-governmental organizations, presenting a major opportunity for the market to have their own voice heard to support their businesses.
（5）Science Daily: 沿海沼泽地迁移可能进一步加剧气候变化
Science Daily: Coastal marsh migration may further fuel climate change
研究人员和科学家之前估计，沿海沼泽地面积的扩大可以捕获更多的碳，将大气中以二氧化碳形式存在的温室气体移除。然而，最新的发现表明，树木的生物碳损失和分解将向空气中释放出的二氧化碳，可以比沼泽地所能捕获的碳更多。随着沿海沼泽地侵入低地森林和淡水湿地，整个大西洋中部沿海平原的海平面上升造成的生境转变将使沿海生态系统从碳汇转变为碳源，进一步加剧全球气候变化。
Researchers and scientists before estimated that an expanded area of coastal marshes could capture more carbon, removing it from the atmosphere where it acts as a greenhouse gas in the form of carbon dioxide. However, latest discovery suggests that, as coastal marshes invade low-lying forests and freshwater wetlands, the habitat transitions caused by sea-level rise across the Mid Atlantic coastal plain will shift coastal ecosystems from carbon sinks to carbon sources because the loss of trees and decomposition will release more carbon into the air than can be captured by the marshes, which will further contribute to global climate change.
（6）Mongabay: 最新研究：印度尼西亚的海洋治理追求的是攫取，而不是可持续性
Mongabay: Study: Marine governance in Indonesia pursues exploitation over sustainability
印度尼西亚几十年来不可持续的海洋治理使得海洋环境和生计依赖于生态系统的边缘化社区付出了代价。一项对过去的300年的历史研究表明，印度尼西亚的海洋管理的目标主要为了支持大规模的基础设施建设和其他以盈利为目的的活动。研究人员认为，尽管存在一些根深蒂固的不平衡，印度尼西亚可以全方位改革机构和政策，使环境和沿海社区更加受益。
A new paper has found that decades of unsustainable marine governance in Indonesia have cost the environment and marginalized communities whose livelihoods depend on the ecosystem. In the past 300 years, marine spatial planning in Indonesia has been designed systematically to support large-scale infrastructure development and other profit-oriented activities. However, despite the deeply ingrained imbalance, researchers believed that Indonesia could collectively reform institutions and policies to benefit the environment and coastal communities more.
学术 Academics
（1）【划区管理】有效的海洋空间规划（MSP）的必要条件
[Area-based Management] Enabling conditions for effective marine spatial planning
海洋空间规划（MSP）是一种重要的海洋治理方法，但尚未发展出一些必要的准则，以对MSP过程的特点和外部因素如何与计划绩效和结果相互作用进行重要考虑。为了了解计划是否公平、高效地实现其预期效果，文章通过回顾文献和专家讨论来确定了MSP的19个有利或不利的条件。该项研究采取了半定量的研究方法，为综合评价MSP提供了可靠的信息，并未将来全世界的MSP的评估提供了一个有借鉴意义的框架。
（2）【渔业管理】AMPLE: 用于渔业捕捞策略能力建设的R软件包
[Fishery Management] AMPLE: An R package for capacity building on fisheries harvest strategies
渔业捕捞策略的关键组成部分是捕捞控制规则（HCR）， AMPLE软件包提供三个互动应用程序将会支持渔业捕捞策略上的能力建设，并支持利益相关者参与HCR的制定。这些应用程序已经在中西部太平洋地区的国内研讨会上使用，以支持中西部太平洋渔业委员会制定捕捞战略。这些应用程序带领用户从详细地了解HCR的工作方式，提供了比目前现有替代品更详细的HCR概述。
（3）【技术工具】野火排放对南大洋浮游植物的刺激和铁循环的维持
[Techs & Tools] Southern Ocean Phytoplankton Stimulated by Wildfire Emissions and Sustained by Iron Recycling
研究人员发现，2020年澳大利亚野火排放物给大型浮游植物群带来了积极的刺激.研究通过比较2019-2020年的卫星数据，和过去17年的气候记录，比较了野火排放物与其它来源的铁肥作用，文章发现水华是由火源性铁肥刺激引起的，与细胞色素浓度升高、光化学效率增加和明显的群落结构转变相吻合，并通过铁的循环和火源和尘埃携带的矿物铁的偶发输入来维持的。回答这些问题为生态系统对野火引起的海洋肥力的反应以及广泛的铁浓度对浮游植物和海洋铁循环的影响提供了宝贵的意见。
（4）【蓝色经济】红树林和珊瑚礁洪水保护的投资回报率研究
[Blue Economy] Return on investment for mangrove and reef flood protection
鉴于人们过去对恢复严重退化的沿海生态系统的经济价值知之甚少，文章作者通过评估这些沿海生态系统在防洪方面可带来的潜在收益，证明了珊瑚礁和红树林的恢复可以产生巨大的投资回报。即使红树林的恢复成本为每公顷几十万美元，珊瑚礁的恢复成本为每公顷几百万美元，投资回报率也大概率为正。这在极大程度上为投资者、政府机构在该项工作中投入资金提供了可靠的经济模型和数据支撑。
（5）【气候海洋】在快速变暖的海洋生态系统中，迁徙须鲸的十年尺度生物气候学和季节性气候驱动因素
[Climate & Ocean] Decadal-scale phenology and seasonal climate drivers of migratory baleen whales in a rapidly warming marine ecosystem
生物气候学的研究有助于人们更好的理解野生动物对气候变化的反应，缅因湾是海洋中变暖最快的地区之一，因此是研究生物气候学和生物对气候变化反应的理想系统。研究人员通过近20年内海洋哺乳动物的观察数据，来验证科德角湾大型鲸鱼栖息地的生物气候学和春季热转换日期（STD）可能已经改变的假设。研究结果表明，露脊鲸的栖息地使用高峰期转移了18.1天（0.90天/年），座头鲸则转移了19.1天（0.96天/年）。因为时间发生变化，静态的季节性管理措施将逐步不再匹配。随着气候变化，有效的管理战略可能需要改变保护措施。
（6）【极地海洋】海洋治理和全球环境变化-极地海洋（章节）
[Polar Seas] Routledge Handbook of Marine Governance and Global Environmental Change-- Chapter Polar Seas
本章分析了北冰洋和南大洋的极端变化带来的挑战。在这两个地区，海水变暖、海冰减少和海域酸化正在对海洋物种的分布产生不利影响。对渔业的具体长期影响是不确定的，但变化的速度和规模普遍增加似乎是不可避免的。由于海冰的消失，人类在极地海洋的活动，如航运、捕鱼、旅游和化石燃料的勘探（和开采）正在不断增加。本章介绍了现有的极地海洋治理框架，并指出北极理事会和南极海洋生物资源保护委员会正在推广基于生态系统的方法和解决方案。有效保护极地海洋生态系统的现有障碍包括利益相关方对资源的开发欲望、国际合作的不足以及科学信息上的缺乏。推进合作进程和实施新的管理计划，例如基于区域的管理措施，可能有助于克服这些障碍。
其他资料 Other resources
（1）【蓝色经济】欧洲投资银行 | 清洁的海洋和蓝色经济-2022年综述
EIB | Clean oceans and the blue economy, OVERVIEW 2022
（2）【海洋治理】海洋十年进展报告，2021-2022年
Ocean Decade progress report, 2021-2022
（3）【划区管理】我们的蓝色遗产——国家海洋保护区系统五十年的影响
Our Blue Legacy - Fifty Years of Impact of the National Marine Sanctuary System
（4）【划区管理】中国牡蛎礁栖息地保护与修复研究报告
Research Report on Oyster Reef Habitat Conservation and Restoration in China
（5）【海洋生态】大型海藻恢复指南——从世界各地的修复项目中吸取的经验教训
Kelp Restoration Guidebook - Lessons Learned from Kelp Restoration Projects around the World
（6）【渔业管理】《2022年世界渔业和水产养殖状况》
The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022
活动 Events
>>预告 Upcoming Events
（1）至2022.7.31摄影大赛 聚焦养护挑战 ：“发现海洋”摄影比赛
Till 2022.7.31 Contest Conservation Challenge Spotlight: Discover the Sea Photography Contest
（2）7.19 网络研讨会 关于公平和环境正义战略草案的公众评论
7.19 Webinar Public Comment on Draft Equity and Environmental Justice Strategy
（3）7.28 网络研讨会 Mongabay眼中的海洋和渔业
7.28 Webinar Mongabay's Oceans & Fisheries
>>回顾 Recordings
（1）2022.4.6 研讨会 再观中华海洋文化
2022.4.6 Seminar Revisiting Chinese Maritime Culture
（2）2022.6.20 论坛 第二届未来海洋论坛：《联合国海洋法公约》的回顾与展望学术研讨会
2022.6.20 Forum The Second Future Ocean Forum: Review and Prospects of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
（3）2022.6.23 研讨会 借金融之力 护海洋家园 ——“蓝色金融新发展与新机遇”主题研讨会
2022.6.23 Seminar Leveraging the power of finance to protect the ocean - New development and new opportunities of blue finance
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题图：沿海和海洋生态系统为全世界超过10亿人提供食物、生计和沿海保护。 | 联合国贸易发展会议 制
