导语 Introduction
关键点
本周的蓝色脉搏再次将目光投向南大洋。南极海洋保护区的讨论已经开展了十多年，讨论已经从科学领域延伸到了政策领域。2016年通过的罗斯海区域海洋保护区是全球海洋保护的里程碑式的事件。但是在此之后，谈判进展缓慢，特别是在疫情的限制下，线上会议的形式进一步限制了讨论的深度。本期的学术部分汇集了近几个月对于南极海洋的自然科学和社会科学的研究成果。不仅有对于南大洋生态系统的新发现，也有对罗斯海保护区的回顾。特别值得关注的是对挪威参与南极海洋保护区谈判的角色的研究。在政治上，挪威地处欧洲，却没有加入欧盟；在经济上，挪威是高度依赖海洋的国家，也是南极磷虾捕捞量最大的国家；在南极，挪威有悠久的活动历史，也是南极领土的主张国之一。这篇文章可以帮助读者从一个独特的视角来了解南极海洋保护区的谈判，也可以通过理解挪威从战略到谈判的行为逻辑，为我国的参与提供思路。
Highlight
This week's Blue Pulse once again turns its attention to the Southern Ocean. Discussions on Antarctic marine protected areas (MPA) have been underway for more than a decade and have extended from the scientific to the policy realm. The adoption of the Ross Sea Region marine protected area in 2016 was a milestone for global marine conservation. But since then, negotiations have progressed slowly. The online format of the working meetings has limited the depth of discussions. The academic section of this issue brings together the papers published in recent months on the natural and social sciences of the Antarctic Ocean. Not only are there new findings on the Southern Ocean ecosystem, but also a review of the Ross Sea MPA. Of particular interest is a study of Norway's role in negotiating Antarctic marine protected areas. Politically, Norway is located in Europe but part of the EU; economically, it is a highly ocean-dependent country and the largest fisher of Antarctic krill; in Antarctica, Norway has a long history of activity and is one of the territorial claimants. This paper can help the reader to get a unique perspective on the negotiation of the Antarctic Marine Protected Area. The rationale of the Norwegian participation from strategy to negotiation could also be useful for China's engagement.
时讯 News
1）哥斯达黎加将科科斯岛（注：并非澳大利亚属地--科科斯群岛）国家公园扩大了27倍，将太平洋水域的完全保护区域增加了将近5.3万平方公里。
Costa Rica Expands Cocos Island National Park by 27 times in size, and increasing the fully protected area in their Pacific waters by almost 53,000 square kilometers.
2）英国和欧盟就脱欧后的渔业许可证谈判结束，为欧盟替换渔船颁发了在英国水域捕鱼的许可证，同时达成了多项协定，解决了英国脱欧之后，欧盟渔船在英国水域捕鱼的许可证问题。
Negotiations between the UK and the EU on post-Brexit fishing licenses have concluded with the licenses of permits for EU replacement vessels to fish in U.K. territorial waters, while a number of agreements have been reached to resolve the issue of licenses for EU vessels to fish in U.K. territorial waters after Brexit.
3）三艘渔船因为试图逃避国际组织对其非法活动的审查，被国际大西洋金枪鱼保护委员会（ICCAT）列入黑名单。这三艘船已在大西洋作业多年。卫星监测数据显示这三艘船在进行延绳钓作业，然而并没有记录显示其在ICCAT有注册。
A fleet of three vessels attempting to evade scrutiny of their illegal activities by international organizations has been blacklisted by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), which has been operating in the Atlantic Ocean for many years. Satellite monitoring data for the three vessels shows that they are conducting longline operations, however there is no record of their registration with ICCAT.
4）在牙买加国家保护信托基金（NDTFJ）的资助下，红树林发展、教育、意识和生计（Mangrove DEALs）项目顺利开展。这一项目将为确定的几个关键利益相关方，包括教育工作者、社区成员和政府官员提供红树林相关的教育和意识提升项目。
The Mangrove Development, Education, Awareness and Livelihoods (Mangrove DEALs) programme is well underway with funding from the National Conservation Trust Fund of Jamaica (NDTFJ). Several key stakeholders will be identified, including educators, community members and government officials, and mangrove-related education and awareness raising programmes will be provided.
观点 Perspectives
1）Matt Reynolds: 海洋中的生命遵循一个简单的数学规则。一种生物的丰度与它的身体大小密切相关。换句话说，生物体越小，你在海洋中发现的生物就越多。例如，磷虾比金枪鱼小10亿倍，但它们的数量也多10亿倍。而最近的评估发现，因为人类的活动，这一规律已经被打破了。
Matt Reynolds: Life in the ocean, they discovered, followed a simple mathematical rule: The abundance of an organism is closely linked to its body size. To put it another way, the smaller the organism, the more of them you find in the ocean. Krill are a billion times smaller than tuna, for example, but they are also a billion times more abundant.
2）Rahel Künzler: 虽然人类对陆地上的极端天气事件比较了解，但对发生在海洋中的极端天气的研究却很少。苏黎世联邦理工学院领导的一项研究利用模型首次表明，海洋热浪，和高酸度或低氧的极端天气也可以同时发生--这对海洋生物会产生难以预见的后果。
Rahel Künzler: While much is known about extreme weather events on land, there has been little research into those that occur in the ocean. A study led by ETH Zurich uses models to show for the first time that marine heatwave, and extremes with high acidity or low oxygen can also occur conjointly -- with difficult to foresee consequences for marine life.
3）Greg Noone：如果设计得当，海洋保护区（MPA）可以让物种有充分的时间恢复，甚至可以增加邻近水域的渔民的可捕捞量。然而，这些禁捕区很容易遭到非法捕捞。
Greg Noone：When well designed, MPAs allow time for species to recover and can even increase the amount of fish available to fishermen in neighboring waters. These no-take zones, however, are vulnerable to poaching.
4）经济学人：建立起跨越海洋科学和可持续发展目标之间鸿沟的桥梁
Economist: Bridging the gap between ocean science and the SDGs
对多样化、包容性和创新性海洋科学的需求，是教科文组织努力领导2021年启动的联合国海洋科学促进可持续发展十年行动的动力。
The need for diverse, inclusive and innovative ocean science is a driving force behind UNESCO’s efforts to lead action on the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, launched in 2021
解读 Interpretations
1）Bigelow海洋科学实验室: 科学家们发现格陵兰水域由浮游植物产生的碳的季节性供应正在向极地转移，并且比前几十年更早出现。这一发现将加强对这一迅速变暖和变化的环境中的碳循环和营养物质供应的理解。
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences: Scientists have discovered the availability of carbon in Greenland's waters is shifting poleward and appearing earlier than in previous decades. This finding will enhance understanding of carbon cycling and nutrient availability in this rapidly warming and changing environment.
2）李佳恒：对症下药，渔业可以这样应对气候变化
Li Jiaheng: The right remedy for climate change in fisheries
气候变化导致的渔业资源影响主要有3种：分布变化(Distributional change)、产量变化(Productivity change)、物种构成变化(Species composition change)；而良好应对气候变化的渔业适应性措施通常会回应到其中的一种或多种。如何衡量一项措施是否为良好做法(Good practice)，报告提出可通过“3+2”来看——3项强制性标准(Mandatory criteria)和2项额外标准(Additional beneficial criteria)。
There are three main types of impacts on fishery resources due to climate change: Distribution, Productivity, and Species composition. Adaptation measures that respond well to climate change will usually respond to one or more of these. Good fisheries adaptation measures respond to one or more of these. The report suggests that how to measure whether a measure is a good practice can be seen through '3+2' - three mandatory criteria and two additional beneficial criteria. Additional beneficial criteria. In addition, two case studies have been conducted.
3）中外对话: 海上发电、海下养鱼：风电与水产养殖能否在海中融合发展？
Chinadialogue: Chinese companies explore joint wind and fish farms
2020年是中国蝉联全球最大海上风电市场的第三年。海上风电蓬勃发展的当下，有人注意到了风机脚下的海域。风机在海上发电，风机的底桩能否被利用起来开发适合海洋生物繁衍生息、帮助渔业资源增长的海洋牧场？“海上发电、海下养鱼”，海上风电与海洋牧场如果能成功实现“跨界”合作，这种立体利用海域的设想就将走进现实。这类融合开发项目能够集约使用有限的海洋空间，统筹海洋渔业资源开发，也有可能帮助二者可持续发展。
The year 2020 marks the third year of China's reign as the world's largest offshore wind market. At this moment of booming offshore wind power, some people are taking notice of the waters at the foot of the turbines. With wind turbines generating electricity at sea, can the bottom piles of the turbines be used to develop marine pastures suitable for marine life to flourish and help fishery resources grow? "If offshore wind power and marine pasture can successfully achieve "cross-border" cooperation, the idea of using the sea in three dimensions will come into reality. Such integrated development projects can make intensive use of limited marine space, coordinate the development of marine fishery resources, and potentially help both to develop sustainably.
4）皮尤慈善信托：保护深海喷口周围独特生命的背后
The Pew Charitable Trusts: Behind the Quest to Protect the Unique Life Around Deep-Sea Vents
热液喷口养育了非凡的生命。它们是深海中的绿洲，其中的物种让我们对地球上的生命是如何开始的？生物是如何进化的？以及生物对极端环境的适应如何在新技术中得到应用等问题有独特的见解。在活跃的热液喷口区或其附近进行商业规模的采矿，可能会对当地的生态系统造成破坏。
Hydrothermal vents support extraordinary life. They are oases in the deep sea with species that give us unique insights into how life started on Earth, how animals have evolved, and how creatures’ adaptations to extreme environments have applications in new technology.
Commercial-scale mining at or near an active hydrothermal vent field could be devastating to the local ecosystem
5）Public News Service: 来自漏油事件的和解赔偿金帮助恢复佛罗里达的牡蛎礁
Public News Service: Settlement Funds from Oil Spill to Help Restore FL Oyster Reefs
风暴破坏、污染和一些与气候变化有关的因素正在导致牡蛎数量的减少。但是，2010年 "深水地平线 "石油泄漏事件的和解赔偿金现在可以用来恢复墨西哥湾的牡蛎礁。牡蛎不仅仅是生物，它们也是栖息地。因此，牡蛎礁恢复和整个生态系统恢复是同时的。
Storm damage, pollution and other factors - some related to climate change - are reducing the oyster population. But settlement funds from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill are now available to restore oyster reefs in the Gulf of Mexico. Oysters are not just living creatures, they're also habitat. So bringing them back also brings back an entire ecosystem.
6）Sevenseas Media：小规模的金枪鱼部门在推动大西洋的“污染者付费“原则
Sevenseas Media：Small-Scale Tuna Sector Push for ‘Polluter Pays’ Principle in Atlantic
自从大眼金枪鱼在2015年被国际大西洋金枪鱼保护委员会（ICCAT）的科学家正式宣布为过度捕捞以来，人们的担忧一直在增加。今年，在第一次科学评估的七年后，科学家们得出结论，该种群仍然被过度捕捞。尽管新的大眼金枪鱼评估结果表明，与2018年的上一次评估相比，大眼金枪鱼的存量状况更加乐观，但ICCAT的科学家警告说，应该谨慎地解释评估结果，从而强调需要遵循一种预防性的方法以确保大眼金枪鱼种群恢复的高概率。
Concerns have been building since bigeye tuna was formally declared overfished by scientists of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) in 2015. This year, seven years after the first scientific assessment, scientists still have to conclude that the population (or so-called “stock”) is overfished.
Even though the new bigeye tuna assessment results suggest a more positive status than under the previous assessment in 2018, ICCAT scientists warn that results should be interpreted with caution, thereby highlighting the need for following a precautionary approach which will ensure a high probability of recovery of the bigeye tuna stock.
学术 Academics
1）【海洋生态】南极冰架下生命的丰富性、生长性和持久性
【Ocean Ecosystem】Richness, growth, and persistence of life under an Antarctic ice shelf
在极地冰架与海岸相接的地方，在这里极地冰面可以作为浮动冰架流入大海。在冰面下面的海床可能是地球上最不为人知的表面栖息地。本文通过位于南极三个最大的冰架--罗斯冰架（麦克默多冰架）、Filchner-Ronne冰架和Amery冰架上的10个钻孔放下摄像机，对那里的生命进行了研究，发现了超过五十种物种的存在。
2）【海洋生态】沿南极半岛西部的幼年和亚成年雄性南极海狗（Arctocephalus gazella）的冬季分布情况
【Ocean Ecosystem】Winter distribution of juvenile and sub-adult male Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) along the western Antarctic Peninsula
栖息在南大洋大西洋扇区的南极海狗（Arctocephalus gazella）主要捕食南极磷虾（Euphausia superba），了解南极海狗的年龄结构与分布，在管理磷虾渔业方面发挥着核心作用。本文通过研究幼年和亚成年海狗的分布，建立一个包括这两个年龄段的物种分布模型，从而可以对磷虾渔业生态管理方面有所帮助。
3）【海洋生态】深海海绵Plenaster craigi 的线粒体基因组和多态性微卫星标记，2017：了解深海采矿影响的工具
【Ocean Ecosystem】Mitochondrial genome and polymorphic microsatellite markers from the abyssal sponge Plenaster craigi Lim & Wiklund, 2017: tools for understanding the impact of deep-sea mining
深海海绵（Plenaster craigi ）是东北太平洋克拉里昂-克利珀顿区（CCZ）的特有物种，Plenaster craigi在这一区域矿物多金属结核上附着生活，是生态系统的一个重要组成部分。为了评估采矿作业的影响，了解该物种的遗传学是至关重要的，本研究对来自CCZ三个不同区域的75个个体进行了测试。因为它在整个地区的遗传多样性和连通性可能代表了其他在多金属结核附着生活的无脊椎动物群。
4）【海洋治理】挪威对在南大洋建立海洋保护区的兴趣和参与情况
【Ocean Governance】Norwegian interests and participation towards the creation of marine protected areas in the Southern Ocean
本文对挪威政府文件和南极海洋生物资源保护委员会会议报告进行了内容分析，并与关键信息提供者进行了访谈。挪威是南极、全球海洋产业和可持续发展的领导者；也是国际合作的积极支持者。本文阐述了科学对利用和保护的重要性；以及CCAMLR作为一个海洋生物资源管理组织的目的。这项研究有助于深入了解挪威的立场和理解CCAMLR海洋保护区进程中的共识。
5）【划区管理】保护国家管辖范围以外的海洋生物多样性：从企鹅的视角。
【Area-Based Management】Protecting marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction: A penguins’ perspective
企鹅是当今最受威胁的海鸟群体之一，特别是容易受到海上渔业和石油业的威胁。在现存的18个企鹅物种中的大多数种类可能会在季节性或整个生命周期阶段进行大迁徙，本文研究了关于企鹅活动的现有信息，并评估了不同物种及不同生命周期内对国家管辖范围以外地区（ABNJ）的使用。
6）【划区管理】从政策到系统：罗斯海南极海洋保护区是否保护了南极犬牙鱼全生命周期内活动区域的迁徙通道？
【Area-Based Management】Tying policy to system: Does the Ross Sea region marine reserve protect transport pathways connecting the life history of Antarctic toothfish?
罗斯海地区海洋保护区（MPA）的一个核心目标是保护对南极犬牙鱼（Dissostichus mawsoni）的生命周期内所有重要的区域，南极犬牙鱼是一种顶级鱼类捕食者，也是该地区最重要的商业捕捞的目标物种之一。幼年南极犬牙鱼主要分布在内大陆架的深盆地，而成年南极犬牙鱼鱼则主要分布在大陆坡和太平洋-南极海脊的产卵区。尽管海洋保护区保护了南极犬牙鱼的生命周期内活动区域的部分迁徙通道，但还有一些通道仍然容易受到商业捕捞的影响。
其他资料 Other resources
1)【渔业管理】 Ash Adams: COVID-19 threatened Alaska’s fishermen. Here's how they persevered.
【Fishery Management】Ash Adams: 新冠疫情威胁下依然坚韧的阿拉斯加的渔民。
2)【海洋与社会】 志愿者发起牡蛎栖息地来帮助恢复珊瑚礁
【Ocean & Society】Volunteers raise oyster gardens to help restore reefs
3)【海洋生态】我们还剩下多少种鱼？Sea Around Us组织现提供多于2500种鱼类存量评估
【Ocean Ecosystem】How much fish is left? Sea Around Us now provides assessments for over 2500 stocks
4)【海洋生态】 关于海龟的七个事实
【Ocean Ecosystem】7 Sea Turtle Facts for the Ocean Lover
5)【气候与海洋】 这些照片展示了海平面上升危机如何与我们紧密相连
【Climate & Ocean]these photographs show how rising sea connects us all
活动 Events
>>预告 Upcoming Events
1)【线上培训】2022年1月12日,美国东部时间下午2:00-3:30 沿海管理专业人员的经济指导
Wednesday, January 12, 2022, 2:00 – 3:30 PM Eastern, NOAA Training: Economic Guidance for Coastal Management Professionals
2)【网络研讨会】2022年1月12日 降低船舶噪音的创新
2022.1.12 Underwater Noise webinar
>>回顾 Recordings
1) 2021年12月16日 密西西比2021年年度会议
2021.12.16 Mississippi 2021 Annual Meeting Presentation
>>其他 Others
本快讯两周更新一期，往期内容可以查看这里。如果您在快讯内容或形式上有任何意见或建议，欢迎发邮件至ocean@ghub.org告诉我们，也欢迎您将《蓝色脉搏》推荐给同事和朋友。
感谢实习同事徐家贤对本期快讯的贡献
题图：海洋保护区的监测船 | Wild Wonders of Europe/Widstrand/NPL/Minden Pictures 摄
