Issue 42 | Blue Pulse: Marine Conservation Bulletin

日期:

The focus of this issue is on climate change and the oceans. Climate change, one of the most important issues of concern in the 21st century, is also inextricably linked to the marine environment. Climate change is sending large numbers of sea turtles into icy water ‘traps’, and deep sea mining and offshore wind power projects are being promoted to curb climate change as well, with new impacts on the oceans. These are discussed in more detail in this issue.

导语 Introduction

关键点

气候变化与海洋的关系再次回到蓝色脉搏的视野中。本期的观点和解读部分讨论了气候变化对海洋生物的影响以及海洋在应对气候变化行动中的关键角色。其中一些话题是从格拉斯哥气候大会讨论的延续。同时,气候行动对海洋的影响也在受到关注,海上可再生能源作为应对气候变化和能源转型的重要手段,对于海洋生态和深海矿产开发都有关联。本期中也可以看到对此问题的讨论。此外,在其他资料中还收录了一份报告,是几个月来对于在海洋中开展大规模碳移除活动规范的讨论的总结,值得关注气候变化减缓的读者关注。

Highlight

The climate-oceans nexus is back on the Blue Pulse's radar. This issue's Perspectives and Interpretations section discuss the impact of climate change on marine life and the key role of ocean-based actions in combating climate change. Some of these topics are a continuation of discussions from the Glasgow Climate Conference.  At the same time, the impact of climate action on the ocean is also receiving attention. Offshore renewable energies, as an important means of mitigating climate change and the energy transition, has implications for both marine ecology and deep-sea mining. Discussions of this issue can also be found in this issue. Also included among the other Resources is a report that is a summary of several months of discussion on the principles for large-scale carbon removal activities in the oceans and is worthy of attention by readers concerned about climate change mitigation.


时讯 News

深海中的章鱼 | NOAA海洋探索与研究办公室 摄

1) 新英格兰渔业管理理事会向美国海洋能源管理局提出要求,要求后者建立基金补偿风力发电建设对渔业的损害,以及对鱼类栖息地和海洋环境的破坏。

The New England Fishery Management Council calls for the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management to establish “a compensatory mitigation fund for damages that occur to the marine environment and fish habitat” and losses to fishing vessels as turbine arrays are built.

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2) 越来越多的企业展开反对深海采矿的行动,大众汽车集团、Triodos银行、斯堪尼亚和巴塔哥尼亚公司近期公开宣称要求暂时搁置深海采矿。

Business backlash against deep-sea mining grows, Volkswagen Group, Triodos Bank, Scania, and Patagonia today joined growing calls for a moratorium on the emerging deep-sea mining industry.

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3) 太平洋岛国斐济与怀特研究所合作,启动 "蓝色繁荣 "计划,在2030年前对其100%的海洋进行可持续管理,并对其30%的海洋实施保护措施。

The Pacific Island nation of Fiji has partnered with the Waitt Institute to launch the “Blue Prosperity” program and sustainably manage 100 percent of its ocean and implement protections on 30 percent of its ocean by 2030.

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4) 11月27日,珠海市东港兴远洋渔业基地奠基仪式在洪湾中心渔港附近举行,该项目计划投资4亿元打造成为集远洋捕捞回运、海产加工、冷冻仓储、冷链配送服务于一体的全产业链渔业基地。

On November 27, the foundation stone laying ceremony of Zhuhai Donggangxing Offshore Fishery Base was held near Hongwan Central Fishing Port. The project plans to invest 400 million CNY for building a full industrial chain fishery base that integrates offshore fishing and shipping, seafood processing, frozen storage, and cold chain delivery services.

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5) 首届中国—太平洋岛国渔业合作发展论坛于12月8日在广东省广州市召开。中国农业农村部副部长马有祥出席并致辞。

The first China-Pacific Island Countries Forum on fisheries cooperation and development was held in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province on December 8. Ma Youxiang, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China attended and delivered a speech.

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观点 Perspectives

北海中的鳕鱼 | ClientEarth 制

1) Jenni Grossmann: 英国自脱欧以来,捕捞许可的冲突甚嚣尘上。在欧洲,几乎所有的鳕鱼种群都面临风险。自1970年以来,北海的鳕鱼数量已经下降了80%,其数量令人震惊。在此期间,每一年都在过度捕捞,这已造成了巨大损失。欧盟、英国和挪威现在正在进行谈判,以决定明年在东北大西洋的捕捞量--如果在这些中忽视鱼群所面临的严峻现实,这些决定可能会把脆弱的物种推向边缘。

Jenni Grossmann: Post-Brexit conflict over permission to fish has dominated the headlines lately. In Europe, almost all cod stocks are particularly vulnerable. The North Sea cod population has dropped by an alarming 80% since 1970. There is not a single year during that period in which it has been fished sustainably – and this has taken its toll. Negotiations are underway right now between the EU, the UK and Norway to decide how much fish can be caught next year in the North-East Atlantic – ignoring the stark reality of suffering stocks in those decisions could push vulnerable species over the edge.

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2) Andrea Kavanagh:作为开创先河的政府间生态保护机构,南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)可以也必须做出更多,否则它将会给全球环境危机的应对”拖后腿“。

Andrea Kavanagh: As a pioneering intragovernmental conservation body, CCAMLR can and must do more, or risk being left behind in responding to the global environmental crisis.

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3) 桑多尔·穆索:国际海底管理局(ISA)应该对海洋负责,但事实上它并没有这样做。它背后还有其他利益的驱使。目前,ISA肩负着两项自相矛盾的职责。一方面是《联合国海洋法公约》第136至145条规定的,关乎人类的共同继承财产、寻求各国权利平等、促进海洋科学研究,以及一些非常积极的事情。但另一方面,该公约中还有第150、151和152条这种侧重于生产、开采和利润的条款。

Sandor Mulsow: The International Seabed Authority is the one that should. However, in practice it does not do so. There are other interests behind it. At the moment, the ISA has two mandates that are counterproductive. One, which is in articles 136 to 145 [of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea], has to do with the common heritage of mankind, with the search for equality of all countries, the promotion of research, and very positive things. But, on the other hand, it has articles 150, 151 and 152 that focus on production, exploitation and profits.

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4)Emma Cavan, Erica M. Ferrer and U. Rashid Sumaila:  我们希望世界知道,保护鱼类、渔业、海洋生态系统以及它们提供的碳服务,将帮助我们确保我们需要的环境未来。海洋问题,包括但不限于捕鱼,应该在起草气候政策时占据更多的前台和中心位置。

Emma Cavan, Erica M. Ferrer and U. Rashid Sumaila: We want the world to know that conserving fish, fisheries, marine ecosystems, and the carbon services they provide, will help us secure the environmental future we need. Ocean issues, including but not limited to fishing, should hold a greater place front-and-center when it comes to drafting climate policies.

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5) Michelle Grady: 澳大利亚的北领地拥有世界上最后一些完整的热带海岸和海洋栖息地,其中许多都具有国家和国际意义。海底采矿禁令是一个值得欢迎的消息,但这些环境仍然面临着来自气候变化、沿海开发、农业径流、水坝和河流中的水提取、过度捕捞和污染等日益严重的威胁。这些多重压力以复杂的方式相互作用,产生的影响比单个影响的简单相加还要大,而且更难预测。

Michelle Grady: The Northern Territory hosts some of the last intact tropical coastal and marine habitats in the world, many of which are of national and international significance. The seabed mining ban is welcome news, but these environments still face growing threats from climate change, coastal development, agricultural runoff, dams and water extraction in rivers, overfishing and pollution. These multiple pressures interact in complex ways, generating effects that are greater, and much more difficult to predict, than a simple summation of individual impacts.

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解读 Interpretations

受冻的海龟开始在华氏55度的水箱中恢复 | Mongabay 制

1)Mongabay:使得海龟不知所措的寒冷季节和对它们在科德角上的救援

Mongabay:The season for cold stunned sea turtles and their rescue on cape cod

随着每年新英格兰地区寒冷天气的到来,被夏季变暖的水域吸引到马萨诸塞州科德角附近的幼年海龟被冻僵了。如果没有得到救援,它们就会死亡。训练有素的志愿者今年秋天已经把100多只海龟送到新英格兰水族馆海龟救援中心。在过去的十年里,科德角被冻伤的海龟数量一直在上升,有些季节记录了超过1000只搁浅的海龟--其中许多是极度濒危的肯普氏海龟。

As cold weather sets in across New England each year, juvenile sea turtles, drawn to the globally warmed summer waters off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are cold-stunned. If not rescued they die.Trained volunteers have already brought more than 100 turtles to the New England Aquarium Sea Turtle Rescue Center this autumn. The number of cold-stunned turtles at Cape Cod has been rising during the last decade, with some seasons logging more than 1,000 stranded turtles — many of them critically endangered Kemp’s ridleys.

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2)The Narwhal: 我们需要帮助:海洋造林如何帮助对抗气候变化。

The Narwhal: We need kelp: how seaforestation can combat climate change

 在现实中,世界正处于超过2.4摄氏度的灾难性升温的轨道上,可悲的是,错过气候目标和雄心的历史由来已久。因此,虽然我们希望这一次会有所不同,但迫切需要采取实际行动来减少排放。难以忽视的是,大多数气候行动--包括在COP26会议上--都忽略了我们星球70%以上的区域:海洋。很多 "基于自然的解决方案",如植树(如万亿植树运动),但现在是我们接受基于海洋的解决方案的时候了。

In reality, the world is on track for disastrous heating of more than 2.4 C and there is sadly a long history of missed climate targets and ambitions. So, while we hope it will be different this time, there is an urgent need to take practical actions that will reduce emissions. It’s hard to ignore that most climate actions — including at COP26 — are missing over 70 percent of our planet: the oceans. A lot is being made of “nature-based solutions” like tree planting (e.g. Trillion Tree Campaign), but it’s time we embrace ocean-based solutions. 

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3)SciTechDaily: 新技术表明,气候变化正在使世界上最强的洋流之一流动得更快

SciTechDaily: New technology shows climate change is making one of the worlds strongest currents flow faster

南极洲绕极流(ACC)是唯一环绕地球的洋流,而且它正在加速。科学家们第一次能够通过利用一套长达数十年的观测记录来判断这种情况的发生。在拥有基于卫星的仪器和Argo网络之前,很难获得捕捉南大洋变化的长期数据。该网络由自主浮筒组成,测量海洋条件,如温度和盐度,于1999年开始,在2007年达到满负荷。遍布世界各大洋的4000个浮筒至今仍在收集数据。因此,研究人员能够使用超过十年的Argo综合数据来区分加速流的趋势和自然变化。

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), the only ocean current that circumnavigates the planet, is speeding up. For the first time, scientists are able to tell that this is happening by taking advantage of a decades-long set of observational records. Long-term data capturing changes in the Southern Ocean were hard to come by before the availability of satellite-mounted instruments and the Argo network. That network of autonomous floats, which measure ocean conditions such as temperature and salinity, began in 1999 and reached full capacity in 2007. A full complement of 4,000 floats across the world’s oceans continues to collect data to this day. The researchers were thus able to use more than a decade’s worth of comprehensive Argo data to distinguish the trend of the accelerating current from natural variability.

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4)皮尤慈善信托基金会:全球渔业的利益相关者呼吁加快捕捞战略的制定

Pew Charitable Trust:Stakeholdes in global fishing industry call for acceleration of harvest strategies

对世界鱼类资源的有效长期管理需要科学、利益相关者的参与和先进的规划。一种被称为“捕捞策略”的创新方法结合了这些因素,为渔业管理者提供了一个基于科学的框架,以确定鱼类资源的预防措施。“捕捞策略”也被称为管理程序,它使管理者从每年的、有时是有争议的配额谈判转向一套预先商定的规则,旨在促进渔业的长期可持续性和盈利能力。它们允许管理者和利益相关者在渔业的物种和社会经济层面的管理目标之间进行权衡。而且,该方法还使科学家能够更好地考虑渔业运作的可变和不确定环境。

Effective long-term management of the world’s fish stocks requires science, stakeholder engagement, and advanced planning. An innovative approach known as harvest strategies combines those elements, providing fisheries managers a science-based framework for determining precautionary measures for fish stocks. Also known as management procedures, harvest strategies move managers away from yearly, sometimes contentious quota negotiations to a set of pre-agreed rules that aim to foster long-term sustainability and profitability of fisheries. They allow managers and stakeholders to balance trade-offs among management objectives for both the species and socioeconomic dimensions of the fishery. And, the methodology also allows scientists to better account for the variable and uncertain environments in which fisheries operate.

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5)Hakai magazine: 在大西洋的中心有一个一直被忽视的海鸟聚集区

Hakai magazine: In the middle of the atlantic an overlooked seabird hotspot

 海鸟是受威胁最大的脊椎动物群体之一。几乎一半的海鸟的数量都在减少。直到最近,科学家对生活在开阔的北大西洋上的鸟类的生活知还之甚少。这些物种生命周期的大部分时间都在大陆架以外,且分散在海洋上的各个角落生活。进行海上调查昂贵而危险,如果不知道它们在哪里生活或觅食,保护这些鸟类几乎是不可能的。包括苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的生物学家韦克菲尔德在内的约80名科学家组成的小组,一直在北大西洋上搜寻更多信息。在这个过程中,他们发现了一个鸟类丰富的海洋栖息地。

Seabirds comprise one of the most threatened groups of vertebrates. Almost half of all seabirds are in decline. Until recently, scientists knew relatively little about the lives of the birds that dwell on the open North Atlantic. These species spend most of their existence beyond the continental shelves, where life is diffuse and at-sea surveys are costly and dangerous. Not knowing where they live or feed has made protecting the birds nearly impossible. But a group of about 80 scientists, including Wakefield, a biologist at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, has been scouring the North Atlantic to find out more. In the process, they’ve identified an ocean habitat teeming with birds.

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6)ScienceDaily:有力的新工具使珊瑚礁的监测工作可以更加快速,便捷以及便宜的进行。

ScienceDaily: Powerful new tool makes coral reef monitoring faster, easier, cheaper

来自冲绳科学技术大学研究生院(OIST)、东京大学和冲绳县环境科学中心的研究人员开发了一种工具,可以通过分析海水样本中的DNA来确定一个珊瑚礁上的硬珊瑚的多样性。这一强大的新工具在《海洋科学前沿》(Frontiers in Marine Science)上报道,它为更准确和更容易的珊瑚礁监测铺平了道路--这是全世界的珊瑚礁保护和恢复向前迈出的重要一步。

 Researchers from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), the University of Tokyo, and the Okinawa Prefecture Environment Science Center have developed a tool that can determine the diversity of hard corals on a reef by analyzing the DNA in a sample of seawater. As reported in Frontiers in Marine Science, this powerful new tool paves the way for more accurate and accessible coral reef monitoring -- a step forward for coral reef conservation and restoration throughout the world.

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学术 Academics

1)【蓝色经济】通过消除有害补贴来增强欧盟的渔业

[Blue Economy] Strengthening European Union fisheries by removing harmful subsidies

有害的渔业补贴在历史上促成了船队产能过剩,目前继续分配给捕鱼业,从而可以维持其可盈利的状态。然而,本研究表明:取消有害的补贴和减少过度捕捞将有助于恢复资源生物量,从而提高可持续渔获量、收入和渔民福利水平,并在鱼类种群没有得到有效管理时减少收支的失衡。维持有害的渔业补贴在社会和经济上是低效的。以世界上最大的捕鱼船队之一的欧盟捕鱼船队为例,本文用全要素生产率表明,与大型船只相比,小型捕鱼船队的生产率在各个海域都是更高的。

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2)【蓝色经济】全面的可持续性和获取理论:将社会效益纳入渔业治理

[Blue Economy] Full spectrum sustainability and a theory of access: Integrating social benefits into fisheries governance

联合国已将渔业资源的获取和利益确定为可持续发展的关键挑战。过去注重有限的生物和经济考虑的老旧管理方法,没有充分满足全球对有效和公平地管理获取和利益分配的广泛诉求。本研究开发了一种新的方法,将对利益的产生、分配和维持的社会科学分析纳入综合的全方位可持续性框架中。

The United Nations has identified access to and benefits from fisheries resources as key sustainable development challenges. The business-as-usual management approach focusing on a limited set of biological and economic considerations has not adequately addressed widespread global calls for governing the distribution of access and benefits effectively and equitably. Our paper develops a novel approach for incorporating social science analysis of the generation, distribution and maintenance of benefits into integrated full spectrum sustainability frameworks. To do so, our paper puts a full spectrum sustainability framework into conversation with Ribot and Peluso's influential Theory of Access framework, a political ecology framework which allows for a comprehensive understanding of who benefits from resources, and through what processes they are able to do so. Our paper proposes five immediate uses of these combined frameworks: (i) to facilitate the development of indicators around access and benefits; (ii) to help identify, organize and analyze social benefit data; (iii) to guide the development of cross-disciplinary representations of a system; (iv) to lay out potential trade-offs, cumulative impacts and changes to oceans governance; (v) and to help users respond to national and international objectives around the generation and distribution of benefits. In proposing novel ways of analyzing sustainable resource use in fisheries, our paper thus responds to management challenges associated with an expanding agenda and set of priorities, and growing policy interest in governance and management of the ocean for the benefit of coastal peoples and their communities.

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3)【海洋生态】展现挑战者深渊中最深处沉积物中全生物圈结构和多种代谢功能

[Marine Ecosystem] Revealing the full biosphere structure and versatile metabolic functions in the deepest ocean sediment of the Challenger Deep

本研究采用深层元基因组学的方法来研究马里亚纳海沟挑战者深渊的沉积物中的微生物组。我们构建了代表26个门类的178个元基因组(MAGs),其中16个门类是首次在海沟沉积物中发现的。

We adopt a deep metagenomics approach to investigate the microbiome in the sediment of Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench. We construct 178 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing 26 phyla, 16 of which are reported from hadal sediment for the first time. Based on the MAGs, we find the microbial community functions are marked by enrichment and prevalence of mixotrophy and facultative anaerobic metabolism. The microeukaryotic community is found to be dominated by six fungal groups that are characterized for the first time in hadal sediment to possess the assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate/sulfate reduction, and hydrogen sulfide oxidation pathways. By metaviromic analysis, we reveal novel hadal Caudovirales clades, distinctive virus-host interactions, and specialized auxiliary metabolic genes for modulating hosts’ nitrogen/sulfur metabolism. The hadal microbiome is further investigated by large-scale cultivation that cataloged 1070 bacterial and 19 fungal isolates from the Challenger Deep sediment, many of which are found to be new species specialized in the hadal habitat.

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4)【技术与工具】利用海鸟运动记录来观测海浪

[Techs & Tools] Ocean wave observation utilizing motion records of seabirds

各种环境海洋因素,如海浪,会影响海鸟的生态;海浪是一种很重要的环境因素,因为大多数飞行海鸟必须降落在海洋表面进行觅食。然而,与其他参数相比,全球海洋波浪观测网络的时空性较差;关于波浪条件的细尺度信息有限,波浪条件对海鸟的影响还没有得到定量研究。本文开发了一种方法,通过全球定位系统(单点定位)记录的漂浮在海面上的海鸟的精细运动对海浪进行观察。

Various environmental oceanic factors, such as ocean waves, affect seabird ecology; ocean waves are important, as most flying seabirds must land on ocean surfaces for foraging. However, the global ocean wave observation network is spatiotemporally poor compared to other parameters; fine-scale information on wave conditions is limited, and the influence of wave conditions on seabirds has not been quantitatively studied. In this study, a method was developed to estimate ocean waves from the fine-scale motions of seabirds floating on the sea surface, as recorded by a global positioning system (single-point positioning). Ocean wave parameters, estimated from streaked shearwater around the eastern ocean of Japan, strongly corresponded with the observation results of a buoy, with an accuracy of <0.3 m for wave heights of 1.0–2.5 m. Furthermore, wave height estimated from streaked shearwaters and wandering albatrosses around the southern Indian Ocean significantly correlated with hindcast-model values. Bird-based wave observation methods are valuable not only in seabird ecology but also in oceanography as an in-situ observation system. Based on the results of bird-based wave observations, the preferences of wandering albatrosses under various wave conditions were further examined. Anecdotal studies suggest that seabirds prefer low-wave conditions to forage in because of prey visibility; however, wandering albatrosses landed on the sea surface randomly, even on very high waves (5–6 m), revealing their tolerance to ocean surface conditions. Considering the effect of environmental factors on marine animals, increased inclusion of previously ignored parameters in analysis, such as ocean waves, is essential.

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5)【海洋生态】摄食生态学促进了当代鲨鱼的进化

[Marine Ecosystem] Feeding ecology has shaped the evolution of modern sharks

本文通过对3837颗化石和现存鲨鱼牙齿的几何形态分析,重点研究了摄食生态学的作用。结果认为营养分配和资源利用塑造了过去的鲨鱼生态学,并代表了它们未来物种生存的关键决定因素。

Sharks are iconic predators in today's oceans, yet their modern diversity has ancient origins. In particular, present hypotheses suggest that a combination of mass extinction, global climate change, and competition has regulated the community structure of dominant mackerel (Lamniformes) and ground (Carcharhiniformes) sharks over the last 66 million years. However, while these scenarios advocate an interplay of major abiotic and biotic events, the precise drivers remain obscure. Here, we focus on the role of feeding ecology using a geometric morphometric analysis of 3,837 fossil and extant shark teeth. Our results reveal that morphological segregation rather than competition has characterized lamniform and carcharhiniform evolution. Moreover, although lamniforms suffered a long-term disparity decline potentially linked to dietary “specialization,” their recent disparity rivals that of “generalist” carcharhiniforms. We further confirm that low eustatic sea levels impacted lamniform disparity across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Adaptations to changing prey availability and the proliferation of coral reef habitats during the Paleogene also likely facilitated carcharhiniform dispersals and cladogenesis, underpinning their current taxonomic dominance. Ultimately, we posit that trophic partitioning and resource utilization shaped past shark ecology and represent critical determinants for their future species survivorship.

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